The Burden Sharing Behavior Of Gulf Cooperation Council (...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the burden-sharing behavior of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members and their response to the military burden of Iran. Quantitative methods are used to test the study’s hypothesis. The findings suggest that the large GCC member (Saudi Arabia) is in military burden- at a greater rate than smaller GCC members. In accordance with the logic of collective action, I tested the hypothesis that small alliance members will be free riders. I show that the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model captures the dynamic feature of GCC’s behavior. The findings show non-cooperative behavior among GCC members concerning their level of military burden towards Iran, and small members of GCC who are free riders on the†¦show more content†¦Because of this, the Arabian Gulf States should work collectively to fill the power vacuum and increase the level of security in the Arabian Gulf region. This study would focus on the effects of free-riding on security arrangements among the Arabian Gulf states. Finally, applying the same framework of the NATO on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) could help the Gulf States play a larger role in their region. There is serious concern for the entire world about the Arabian Gulf security. Iran’s expanding ambition rose to new heights when its nuclear ambitions were revealed to the world. In fact, Iran’s nuclear ambition has alerted regional and international concerns about the future stability and security. This paper is important because it will contribute to the existing literature of collective action studies in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular. This study would provide valuable information to many stakeholders. First, this research will give scientific predictors of future procedures that should be taken to improve the regional security. It will also shed light on identifying the type of course of action to help identify the best policies in dealing with the security dilemma. This paper consists of two major sections: First, describe some aspects of the different concepts of security in the Arabian Gulf region, evaluate a collective action framework with an

Juvenile Crime and the Influence of Media Violence

Juvenile Crime and the Influence of Media Violence With several arguments for both sides can we truly determine if there is only one main role in juvenile crime? There are many statistics that show there is a higher aggression level formed in people who watched a great deal of violent television or played violent video games as a child. People must begin to consider that there are several contributors to youth crime and violence. Youth crime is often fueled by media violence and can depend on how a person is raised and the adult influence that, while growing up, surrounds them. Youth crime is far to present in the current generation. There are children harming each other at school and harming their families at home and unfortunately it†¦show more content†¦In 1960 Prof. Leonard D. Eron who represents the American Psychological Association began a study on 875 children, ages 8 and 9. Eron later performed follow up researches in 1970 and 1982 that shared results with the original research done. In one of the findings that were done in 1970 it showed that there was a direct correlation between violent television viewing at approximately age 8 and an elevated aggression level when the subject is age 19. There were also studies done that showed that boys with an originally low level of aggression who watched excessive violent television were more aggressive later in life then boys who originally had a higher level of aggression but did not watch violent television at the younger age (Citizen 1992). These finding also showed that different variables suc h as IQ, social status, social mobility, parents aggressiveness, etc., did not have as vast of a baring on the results as media violence. One thing that did show a relation is that when children have a lower social status they will often watch more television than others may and this could lead to viewing more violent television (Citizen 1992). There has been extensive research done by credible sources showing that media violence shows direct evidence of having a very negative effect on aggression as well as behaviors that turn violent in both the long term and short term contexts (Anderson et.Show MoreRelatedActs of Violence by American Youth: A Result of Culture, Media, and Capitalism776 Words   |  3 PagesProfessors name Due date Acts of Violence by American Youth Research Paper Outline Thesis Statement: The proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. I. Introduction Juvenile Criminals Youth Violence A. 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IRead MoreIs Video Game Violence the Cause of Juvenile Delinquency? Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pages The impact of video games containing violence has recently become a focus of research because children are theoretically more susceptible to behavioral influences when they are active participants than when they are observers. To date, violent video games have not been studied as extensively as violent television or movies. The number of studies investigating the impact of such games on youth aggression is small, there have been none on serious violence, and none has been longitudinal. Many studiesRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreJuvenile Crimes1247 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile crime is a growing problem that endangers virtually every American. Juvenile delinquency is enormously damaging to the health and well-being of the nations families and communities. A juvenile crime can consist of DUI, robbery, rape, minor in possession, weapon in possession anything an adult can be charged with. Individuals under the age of eighteen who commit these crimes can be charged as a juvenile delinquent. Statistics show that most juveniles that commit crimes are in a gang; weatherRead MoreCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile court systems developed in Chicago based on the patriarchal premise that a tough compassionate judge could impact the lives of wayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there is

Social Media Website

Question: Task 1 Consider what you expect from a social media website. Does the website have an obligation to take reasonable steps to protect your data from hackers? Does the website have a right to sell your data without paying you? Or can it just give your information away? Or can it keep your data as its own to do with whatever it wants? What about the information you provide when you sign up, such as your birthdate or home address or phone number? What about information you post after setting up security controls on your account? What basic protections do you have a right to expect from the website? Are there some things you should be able to do, such as when you log in, that should be no one elses business? Should you be able to delete information you posted? What other things should you be able to do with your own information? Go to the Discussion Board called Website Expectations and list 3 DIFFERENT expectations you have about what data a social media website should protect and what i t should allow you to control. Consider both data you post and behaviors you may do. Task 2 Review Facebook's Privacy Policy (actually, Facebook has gone so far as to even remove the word 'Privacy' from the policy's name. It is now called the Data Use Policy). As you read through the policy, think about how it compares/contrasts to your expectations for privacy on the Internet. The Privacy Policy can be found here: https://www.facebook.com/full_data_use_policy Facebook's Privacy Policy is long and hard to get through. Facebook buries a lot of important information that they would just as soon you not find. Since using the website constitutes your agreement to the policy, it's smart to know what it says. Here are some resources to help you weave your way through Facebooks policy: https://time.com/4695/7-controversial-ways-facebook-has-used-your-data/ https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/terms-conditions-facebooks-data-use-policy-explained/ https://policyreview.info/articles/ne ws/new-facebook-data-policy-or-dislike/341 This task requires you to investigate and think. But there is nothing for you to submit. Task 3 How does Facebook's Privacy Policy stack up against your thinking about what's fair use of the personal data that you provide to a website? What level of accord is there between your expectations for privacy and what the website actually provides? Does Facebook restrict any of the behaviors that you believed users should control? Write a paragraph on Facebooks policy regarding each of the three points you listed in the Discussion Board. Is Facebooks policy consistent with your expectations (as you listed them in Task 1) for a website's treatment of you and your personal data? Discuss in a 1 page paper. [Using Arial font at 12 pt, one page is about 500 words.] Submit your written work to this Assignment Submission Box. Task 4 Make a list of up to 6 parts of Facebooks policy that surprise you. Make sure these are DIFFERENT from any parts you have d iscussed previously in any Tasks of this assignment. Answer: Task 1 Social networking sites such as Facebook needs users to sign their terms and condition at the time of registration and most of the users do agree to their terms and condition without going through it. These terms declares that site has right store users data and can use for any ethical purpose in the company. Facebook has policies that directly affect the data privacy such as it is difficult to delete an account as it can be de-activated and later can be restored. But, The question is who owns users personal data, where does the data goes when account is closed, will the company inform when their personal information has been used for marketing insight reporting or for other academic search purpose (Couts, 2012). These websites must provide some data privacy rights to their users because potential dangerous such as sexual predators, stalking and unintentional fame will harass the users not the company. So its users right to have full rights to manage their accounts on social media we bsites. Mentioned below are the three expectations or security controls that social media websites should provide. User can delete their data completely when they leave social media websites: Facebook has removed a clause from its terms and conditions where it mentions that all personal information and data of a user will be deleted when the account is closed. There could be so many reasons of closing an account and it is the right of user to delete all his or her information from the site. Tracking of user research behavior and telling friends what user is liking and searching for; sometime users dont want to share what they like or research for if they dont want to share it with friends then it should not be shared. Use of personal information of user without their permission Task 3 Deletion of account Deletion of account takes 90 days and reason behind that is not clear yet. If user dont has right to access the account after deleting it then why company has right to store it for 90 days and what will be its use. This is completely unfair and should be changed. Tracking, analyzing and using users behavior to target the right audience for third party; this is completely unfair as user is not aware about what his or her data is being used. Facebook reserves the right to use personal information of users without receiving their permission by saying that they have told this in data use policy which says they have right to use users information if they see it fit to their services and features and what services and products is just a guess. Facebook has been selling user informationto fulfill advertising agendas and this is how it makes money. Where on other side users dont know how their data is used in the company (Luckerson, 2014). Facebook needs to make clear statement about use of users data on applications and features it launches so that users can control their private data flow. Use of personal information of user without their permission If personal data such as education, gender and working status of users is helping in making academic reports and research to make something better than it is good to contribute in it. For example, research about education status and level is fine if purpose is to make new services and features for students but sharing very personal data such as relationship status, whose profile you check and what you search on web is completely unethical. The companies should not have access to pass personal information of a user to third party without their permission. After all, its the users who will be suffering with privacy threats. So it is better that user decide what and where the information about them should be shared. Expectation for privacy Vs. Actual privacy In use of data of Facebook it is clearly mentioned that users data can be used where it is suitable to their services and products. But they have not cleared what kinds of services and products. The user may not want to contribute in specific kind of service, but there is no choice for the user, even user will not be aware of all these activities as at time of registration they have agreed to their terms and conditions(Luckerson, 2014). Facebook launches so many apps and features for the users and these apps takes personal information about users, there is no clause if these information will be used for some specific purpose in future. If they do it then user may avoid using such features in order to control data privacy. User expects that everything on its account is under his or her control but it is not. However, it should be controlled by the user only. Task 4 Facebook has been in controversies because of its data privacy policies. The controversial ways of using users data has been topic of discussion in digital trends. The major issues are associated with use of users data without taking their permission. Mentioned below are the six different data privacy issues with Facebook that has been discussed in detail- Making users searchable even if they dont want: there is no feature in Facebook that can make users unsearchable in the searching list. You will be visible if the searching criteria include your name or user id or other information which is completely unfair. Facebook allows user to make some information private on their profile so that it can be only seen by the people you want or is completely hidden. However, there is still some information that will remain public no matter how much privacy you have applied. These types of information are Name, profile picture, username, User ID, Gender and cover photos. A user may expect to hide everything on its account so this should be allowed by the Facebook. Using your likes and shares in advertisement is also unfair sometime friends may find you associated with advertisement. As per the data use policy of facebook personal information can be used to Show and measure ads and services. It is like you are promoting something about which you are not aware and you will also not get credit for it as well. Using facial recognition software in order to spot user in a picture: A user may or may not want to be spotted in a group picture. It is completely unfair to use software to detect a person in a picture. Some features like sharing where your personal information is not controlled by you but by others. This feature needs to be changed as a user has right to control its information on social media websites (Luckerson, 2014). Facebook allows you to choose what to share and what to not but the problem is that your friends can also share information about you which you cant control and manage. Which means even if you have made tightest security on face book still you cant control data about you. It should allow managing any data about users by user itself rather than others. As per there policy the information that others have shared about you is not part of your account and will not be deleted when you delete your account. Tracking user searching behavior on World Wide Web is also unfair and it should be prohibited completely. A user may search anything and may want to make it private. Social networking site should not trace their searching behavior to use it in advertising and other marketing reports. Facebook has been a behavioral library which sells behavioral studies to third party. It is making money by using personal data and information posted by the users and unfair is that users are not aware with this fact. The personal information is also passed to government if needed which seems helpful for the society but user awareness is important for all these uses of data. References Couts, A. (2012).Terms Conditions: Facebooks Data Use Policy explained.Digital Trends. Available at: https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/terms-conditions-facebooks-data-use-policy-explained/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2016]. Luckerson, V. (2014).7 Controversial Ways Facebook Has Used Your Data. TIME.com. Available at: https://time.com/4695/7-controversial-ways-facebook-has-used-your-data/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2016].

Sexual Assault Essay Example

Sexual Assault Essay Sexual Assault Tre’shaun Hambrick CRJ308: Psychology of Criminal Behavior Instructor Tracey Mallett We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Assault specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Assault specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Assault specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer October 6, 2012 Sexual Assault Whenever the term ‘sexual assault’ is mentioned, most people think about rape. While rape is falling within its context, sexual assault incorporates a plethora of unwanted sexual advances that include, rape, voyeurism, incest, exhibitionism, sexual harassment, child sexual abuse and any other nonconsensual sexual contact (Bartol Bartol., 2004). Due to wider scope and socio-cultural backgrounds of individuals, people may sexually assault another person without their knowledge. This could also be the reason why estimating its prevalence is near to impossible. This is because most people do not realize that they have been assaulted and they fail to report the sexual assault incidences. The fact that most of these assaults are normally committed by close relatives or friends could also be the reason why most cases go unreported (Clements et al., 2004). Either way, sexual assault causes serious physical, social, emotional and psychological damages to the victim. It is the ob jective of this essay to explore three of the psychological effects of sexual assault on the victims. It is important to note that sexual assault can cause harmful psychological effects that can become hard to correct or treat. Victims of sexual assault commonly experience Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which is a psychological disorder characterized by severe feelings of anxiety, fear, and stress long after the ordeal. Female rape victims are especially vulnerable to this condition. A person is said to have acute PTSD when he or she manifests the symptoms for less than three months. The condition becomes chronic when the victim exhibits the symptoms for more than three months. A person develops PTSD symptoms immediately following the attack. About 94% of rape victims develop PTSD symptoms immediately following the rape ordeal. Although this percentage decreases over time, some victims are not able to overcome it, and their symptoms continue for many years after the traumatic event (Bartol Bartol, 2004). Symptoms of PTSD include flashbacks of experience in the mind of the victim, repeated dreams or memories of the events, hyper-arousal, and frightening thoughts. Many victims do whatever they can to avoid anything or anyone that might remind them of the traumatic event. This leads to the victim experiencing feelings of isolation from friends. The person feels detached, and he or she might lose interest in things that he or she used to enjoy. Some victims change their routine to avoid a reoccurrence of the incident. Many victims also feel helpless, and they experience feelings of horror. In children, it can manifest through bedwetting, acting out during playtime or tendency to cling to their parents or other adults who, they trust. Another symptom of PTSD is anxiety, which in turn leads to other problems. Anxiety leads to difficulties in sleeping and concentration. Sexual assault victims with PTSD have negative thoughts. Some victims experience mental defeat. Their negative thoughts lead them to imagine negative response from others. Many of the victims tend to blame themselves, and even those who are around them for what they experienced. Victims with PTSD who receive little support tend to exhibit more symptoms, compared to the victims who receive support from their loved ones and others around them. Symptoms are usually strongest immediately following the traumatic event, but they diminish after a while. The severity and length of the symptoms also depends on the victim’s perception of the event. The victim’s symptoms will be more severe and will last longer, if he or she thinks that the trauma was intentional rather than accidental. Rape victims and other victims of sexual assault will have more severe symptoms of PTSD. Some people develop lifetime prevalence of the condition. Lifetime prevalence rates are higher among women. This is significant considering most sexual assault victims are female. If not treated early, the condition can become persistent (Bartol Bartol, 2004). People’s thoughts are important determinants of behavior. Sexual assault victims with PTSD have many negative thoughts, and this not only affects their perception of people, but it also determines their behavior. PTSD treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy, which encourages the victims to talk more about themselves and other people. This form of therapy enables the victim to deal with his or her emotions and thoughts. The therapist exposes the victims to the feelings that he or she associates with the trauma. By re-exposing these feelings, the therapist is able to re-adjust the behavioral response of the victim. The victims are able to examine the consequences of their actions on their thoughts and feelings. It is important for the victims to feel that they have the support of those who are around them. Cognitive behavioral therapy enables the victim to relearn social skills. Treatment of PTSD also includes using medication. The medication helps in reducing the anxiet y and stress that the victim experiences. In treating PTSD victims therapists concentrate on the present situation. They do not focus on what the victim should have done to avoid the situation. Doing so will only enhance the negative emotions that the person feels, and this will lead to the victims blaming themselves. Second, sexual assault is also known to cause depression. Depression involves more than feelings of sadness, as it can cause a person to experience physical pain and it interferes with the victim’s daily life. Some victims do not realize that they are suffering from depression because of ambiguity of their symptoms. Some of the symptoms of depression are common occurrences to some individuals. Other symptoms are a reflection of another condition. This is a condition characterized by prolonged sadness, indecisiveness, loss of appetite, feelings of hopelessness and low self-esteem, prolonged headaches, lack of coordination, fear, anxiety and extreme worry. These symptoms affect a person’s daily life. Depression is a serious psychological condition since it lowers the body’s immunity, and can lead to suicidal thoughts and even death. It can affect any sexual assault victim regardless of their age, gender or religion (Clements et al., 2004). Victims lose interest in things that they used to enjoy, and they often feel overwhelmed and exhausted. Lack of interest, coupled with low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness contribute to the individual withdrawing socially. Some victims experience frequent crying spells, and others have suicidal thoughts. Victims become agitated, ad they experience extreme irritability. People with depression experience unexplained headaches and stomachaches. People who experience these symptoms for more than two weeks are said to be suffering from depression. Depression among women tends to be more common, and they experience depression symptoms in different severity from men (Lewis-Hall, 2002). Women are more likely to have appetite problems and frequent headaches compared to men. They are also more likely to feel exhausted and suffer anxiety than the men are. People having depression are frustrated because they feel that they are not performing to their capacity. Many people downplay the importance of seeking treatment when they are suffering from depression. This is because some people consider depression a sign of weakness, and others think that they will overcome it on their own. Leaving depression untreated can worsen and prolong it, and it can worsen other illnesses and conditions that the person might be having. Women respond differently to treatment differently, in that they take longer to recover than the men do (Lewis-Hall, 2002). It is possible to treat depression, and physicians and therapists use a variety of methods when treating depressed patients. They can use medication such as antidepressants, most of which are effective. However, many therapists do not recommend the use of antidepressants in children because of associated side effects. Although antidepressants benefit many people suffering from depression, many people who suffer from depression because of sexual assault find it more beneficial to go through therapy sessions. Therapists can use interpersonal therapy, which helps the victims improve their relationship with other people. The therapists focus on communication skills, and the victim’s relationships to other people. Through analysis, the therapist is able to determine the cause of a person’s sadness and loneliness, and she focuses on solving this problem. Therapists can also use psychodynamic therapy, which involves understanding the effects of the victims’ emotions on their behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy is also important in enabling the victim to refocus his or her thoughts. Finding the right treatment for depression is important in reducing chances of reoccurrence. Some people respond better when they talk about their experiences to people who have shared similar experiences. They feel that they can relate better because other victims know and understand what they are going through. Support groups enable people to cope with depression. The victims learn that the y are not weak because they are suffering from depression. They get to hear the experiences of other individuals who have gone through similar or worse situations. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is another psychological effect associated with sexual assault. It is a condition where an individual’s thoughts and feelings become detached from their immediate reality. Individuals with DID manifest different personalities, each with a different perception of self and environment. As such, a sexual assault victim suffering from this condition may in one occasion regard herself with high esteem but latter regard herself as worthless. Most cases of DID are reported in cases where the sexual assault experience occurred in their childhood. DID is a dangerous condition and it can persist for a long time (Petrack Hedge, 2003). Dissociation refers to a situation where a person’s thoughts, actions, memories, and feelings are different from his or her immediate reality. When children experience sexual abuse, they tend to go into dissociative states, which they create as an escape away from the current abuse that is their reality. They do this if they do not see any way of escaping their situation. The more the abuse continues, the more the children continue forming different realities. There are different forms of dissociation .depersonalization occurs because of fatigue, different psychiatric disorders, anxiety or stress. It happens when one changes perception of self and the person feels detached from his or her body. Derealization refers to a person’s perception of change in the environment. The person feels that the things surrounding him or her are not real. dissociative amnesia is temporal memory loss, which seems to occur naturally, and it is not triggered by factors such as intoxication or injury. Other forms include dissociative fugue and alteration of identity (Chu, 2011) Although DID cases exist in both sexes, they are more common among women. Common symptoms of this disorder include mood swings, depression, panic attacks, phobias, sleep disorders such as night terrors and insomnia, PSTD symptoms such as flashbacks, and eating disorders. The victims may experience severe headaches and other aches in different parts of the body. Some of the victims develop self-harming behavior and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The victims have difficulty remembering parts of their past. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other psychiatric disorders. This makes it more difficult to determine the right diagnosis. Victims of DID should ensure that they get immediate help to maximize their chances of recovery. The most effective treatment in this case is psychotherapy. The treatment can be lengthy and painful for adults because it involves recalling past painful events. The therapists have to structure and pace the therapy in such a way that it will not overwhelm the victim. The therapist helps the patient come to terms with the feelings that they associate with the events. Some therapists use hypnosis to help the victims remember their childhood experiences. Although some therapists use medication to manage some of the symptoms, most of the therapists are careful about using medication because of the negative effects they have on the victims. In summary, it is apparent that the psychological effects of sexual assault are far reaching and can affect the victim’s social and physical life. While some of the conditions can be treated through therapies, others like DID, if not identified at an early stage, can lead to permanent damage of the victim’s identity and personality. It is also worth noting that the effects are not only limited to the victim but also affect to primary care givers. It also affects family members thus expanding the scope of their danger. References: Bartol, C. R., Bartol A. M. (2004). Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application. U.S.A: Sage Chu, A. J. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons Clements P. T., Speck P. M., Crane P. A. Faulkner M. J. (2004). Issues and Dynamics of Sexually Assaulted Adolescents and their Families. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 13(4) 138-274 Lewis-Hall, F. (2002). Psychiatric illness in women: Emerging treatments and research. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub Petrak J. Hedge B. (2003). The Trauma of Sexual Assault: treatment, Prevention and Practice. United Kingdom: John Wiley Sons