Advanced Financial Reporting - Prevalence of Creative Accounting Essay

Advanced Financial Reporting - Prevalence of Creative Accounting - Essay Example This report will be evaluating the reasons that give rise to creative accounting by organizations; the grounds for the nativity of this practice will also be discussed. The evaluation of the efforts made by existing standards and accounting practices in controlling and reducing aggressive accounting will be catered in the report. The levels of success achieved by regulatory bodies will also be discoursed. Increasing the complexity of accounting treatments in such a creative and aggressive way, actually results in deviation from the actual spirit of the suggested treatment. Transactions are treated with a high level of quibble and in a complex manner so as to obtain desired misrepresentation of items present in financial statements, such as assets, liabilities, expenses, revenue, and stock options. It is generally successfully applied over the transactions of inherently complex items of financial statements, for example Derivatives, Hedge accounting, leases, insurance contracts, const ruction contracts, financial instruments, impairment of assets, revenue recognition and manipulation can easily be made. Reasons for using Creative Accounting Creative accounting aims to manipulate ultimate shareholder’s wealth, showing high paper profits, and hiding right earning figures from stakeholders (Farlex 2011). Those who are involved in creative accounting are usually personnel having excess to accounting documents, or can influence the accounting treatments. The records and accounts are falsified and wangled as to divert the route of organization’s money to individual intended pockets. There are some obvious motivations, which lead to the commencement of creative accounting by managers or directors. The business corporate and other borrowers search for capital beyond their home land; this gives rise to an increase in the foreign investment. The investors must be supported with high level investor protection measure and market integrity because there is a sig nificant gap between the investor and the borrower that increases the chances of and may lead to dishonesty (Security and Exchange Commission 2000). Creative accounting provides assistance to businesses to appear profitable and attract customers, resources, and investors. It proves to be more costly when deceptive accounting leads to drastic consequences. Methods of Creative Accounting In an organization where salaries and incentives are paid on the basis of performance (performance related pay), directors can manipulate the annual sales account by showing high sales value or reduction in the figures of liabilities as to pay themselves high remunerations and incentives. Directors can also create high provisions for remote liabilities and include under the head of assets account remote or possible future assets, this treatment of assets and liabilities will be against the bench marks described by standards but if the liability and asset heads are intensely populated then, it will be difficult to locate this non compliance. Other minor non-compliances in the financial statements can result in a material non-compliance in the aggregated form. Directors can also change the policies relating to share options and take advantages like bed and breakfasting shares. Job security concerns can also cause highly designated individuals to falsify accounts in the periods of unfavorable results. To cover up previous frauds, original accounts become compulsory to be replaced by fake accounts using creative accounti

Qualitative Research Paper Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative Critique - Research Paper Example onal Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; and Department of Women and Child Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden† (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 263) The investigators identified the study approach through explicitly defining the aim and noting that the study would entail conducting interviews, observation and field notes under the portion of data collection (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, pp. 265-266). The authors used a straightforward and comprehensible language that assisted in presenting relevant concepts and expounding on the approach. Likewise, relevant terms were appropriate defined under a heading entitled ‘Definitions’ which came after the Data Collection portion (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266). To achieve the aim of exploring â€Å"cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia as related by women accompanying labouring women to maternity units† (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 265), the data collection method (use of interviews, observation and field notes, as indicated) and the data analysis techniques (use of EPI-INFO software to interpret quantitative information and the use of content analysis for the qualitative interpretation) (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266) were appropriate. These approaches effectively evaluated the results and the design incorporated screening factors that could adversely affect the outcome. The significant or importance of the study was not explicitly stated but the portion which was presented as ‘What this paper adds’ (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 272) as value added information. The study’s potential contribution to nursing included illuminating health care practitioners on the role of cultural practices and beliefs during the pregnancy period (from prenatal to antenatal) as influential to

Fayols Four Functions Of Management Management Essay

Fayols Four Functions Of Management Management Essay The first of Fayols functions is planning. The definition of planning is defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving goals and developing plans to coordinate activities. (Robbins, et al., 2008). Planning is to assess the future and make provision for it. (Fayol, 1949). It is taking the initiative for the plan of action that managers carry out the managerial function. Mr.Seets job involves planning function. Understandably, he is the top level manager, so he has to get involved in all the manufacturing process like designing, process planning and material planning. The purposes of planning is to provide directions, so that employees can coordinate activities and corporate with each other when they know where the organisation is going and what they have to contribute to reach the goals. Hence, Mr. Seets plan is operational plans that specify details of how the overall goals are to be achieved. Apparently, it is a short term plans that covering of one year or less, but it is a specific plan which all the plans are clearly defined. He set goals of the organisation and then broken down into sub goals of each level of the organisation. In addition, planning reduces uncertainly by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate and consider the impact of change. Managers plan to anticipate changes and develop the most effective response to them. Other than that, planning also minimize waste and redundancy, when work activities are coordinated around established plans, wasted time and resources can be minimize. Inefficiency become obvious and can be corrected or eliminated. Thus, SMART (Specific, Measurable and quantifiable, Attainable, Realistic, Time frame) goals are to be enforce by the managers. Consequently, Fayol (1949) describes the general features of a product plan and the advantages and shortcomings of forecasts, noting that the best plans, make allowances for contingencies. Fayol (1949) asserts that it would be useful for those whose concern is manageme nt to know how experienced managers go about drawing up their plans and proceeds to identify the planning process. (Lamond, 2003). The next Fayols functions would be organising. According to Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter (2008), organising is defined as determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Organising is arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organisations goal. Mr.Seets job also involves organising function. He needs to manage and divide all the tasks equally to his workers in order to save time and increase efficiency. Mr. Seet divides all the work activities into separate jobs task to different department like functional department, product department, process department and customer department. He also holds meeting for every week to discuss current problems, motivate employees and appoint a team at committees. On top of that, if managers change the organisations strategy, the structure should change to support the new strategy. Structure is adapted based on increasing level of complexity and sophistication. The more routine the technology, the more mechanistic the structure can be. Hence, Fayol (1949) argues that to create an organisation it is not enough to group people and distribute duties, there must be knowledge of how to adapt the organic whole to requirement and how to find essential personnel. Thus, Fayol (1949) states that organising is to provide the undertaking with everything useful to its functioning. The other Fayols functions is leading. Based on Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter (2008), leading is defined as motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, selecting the most effective communication channels, or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues. The mission of leading is to set the organisation going. (Fayol, 1949). The objective of leading is to get the optimum return from all employees, while the art of leading rests on certain personal qualities and knowledge of general principles of management. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seets job includes leading function. He ensures all his workers are in a friendly and comfortable work environment. He also gives training and guidance to employees by counseling whenever necessary. This can relate to the Katzs human skills and Mintzbergs interpersonal skills. (Lamond, 2003). Mr.Seet has motivates his employees by offering sales commission and bonus. According to Katzs human skills, all level of management need human skills in order to interact and communicate with other people successfully. (Peterson Van Fleet, 2004). Thus, Mr.Seet reflects the requirement of leading functions and human skills needed as a top manager. The last Fayols functions is controlling. Controlling is defined as monitoring actual performance, comparing actual to standard, and taking action if necessary. (Robbins, et al., 2008). Controlling is verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and principles established. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seets job also includes controlling function. He has to make sure that the transportation or delivery of goods is safe and fast. Orders must also be taken correctly and accurately. Besides that, he also has to make sure that the monthly targeted sales are achieved and the company continues to make profit. In addition, he has to ensure the whole process is effective and efficient and also perfect product quality to satisfy customers. Thus, the objective of controlling is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to resolve them and prevent recurrence. Besides, the other objective is to contribute the smooth working of each department in particul ar and of the concern in general. (Fayol, 1949). Mr.Seet is involved in job like trouble shooting for rejected goods and work force shortage. He needs to think of a way to solve rejected goods by finding out the problems, minimize the loss and maintain customers trust towards the organisation. When there is work force shortage, he needs to make decision whether to hire more employee or working over time. This also can be relates to Mintzbergs decisional skills where he must have ideas to make the right decisions. (Mintzberg, 1975). Management is about opinions and view points that may vary among different individuals. This interview has shown that Fayols four functions were needed by a top manager. There are some exemptions on his theory depending on what type of organisation is the manager managing. As a matter of fact, Katzs theory stated that human skill is needed at all level of management. His theory is further explained by Mintzbergs 10 roles of management under the interpersonal role category. Hence, one theory cannot work without the other. Indeed, Fayols characterisation of management still represents the most useful way of conceptualizing the managers job. (Carroll and Gillen, 1987). References list: Carroll, S. Gillen, D., (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Fayol, H. (1949). General and Industrial Management. London: Routledge. Lamond, D. (2003). Henry Mintzberg vs Henri Fayol: Of Lighthouses, Cubists and the Emperors New Clothes. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 5-23. Mintzberg, H. (1975). The managers job: Folklore and fact, Harvard Business Review, 53(4), July August 49-61. Peterson, T. O. Van Fleet (2004). The ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: An updated topology of management skills. Management Decision, 42(10), 1297-1308 Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., Coulter, M. (2008). Management (5th ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia.

John Locke and Human Nature :: Second Treatise on Civil Government

In The Second Treatise of Government, Locke defines political power, discusses the inalienable birth-rights of man, and the need for both in the formation of a legitimate government. John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government defines a legitimate government in relation to the protection of inalienable rights. He views a valid government as one which upholds his three main natural laws of life, liberty and property. In defining political power, Locke insists that it is proper to make laws â€Å"for the regulating and preserving of property,† and adds, that if necessary, â€Å"the execution of such laws, and in the defense of the common-wealth [sic] from foreign injury.† This is needed â€Å"for the public good.† (Locke, Sec. III) Defined, Locke’s political power is the ability to uphold a constitution. Locke’s reasoning for the creation of a government arises in the need to protect life, liberty and justice. Locke concludes that â€Å"the reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property; and the end why they choose and authorize a legislative,† but adds that the citizens â€Å"have a right to resume their original liberty †¦ by the establishment of a new legislative† (Locke, Sec. CCXXI) when those rights are threatened. The protection of life, liberty and justice then becomes the reason for a â€Å"new legislative.† The value Locke places on property is only furthered in his discussion of the will of the populace. Locke discusses in his chapter Of the Beginning of Political Societies the effect which the majority has on the betterment of the community: â€Å"For when any number of Men have, by the consent of every individual, made a Community, the have thereby made that Community one Body, with a Power to Act as one Body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority† (Locke, Sec.

How significant is the concept of the American Dream in the novel Of Mice and Men? Essay

The question above is asking us how the author, John Steinbeck, incorporates the American Dream in his novel, Of Mice and Men. To obtain the knowledge you must look at what the text is telling you in different aspects. The meaning of American Dream in this novel is to some day gain independence, to do this you must work hard. For quite a few the dream is someday achieve this goal, however this goal may change from an illusion to an ambition. In the following pages I will try to interpret the true meaning of The American Dream, to do this I will have to study the author himself, the way he has portrayed his characters, the language he has used and the structure of the novel itself. First we have to define the terms used to understand the story and the characters. The word Dream carries many meanings, which many people get confused about. A Dream can be an illusion, but if you believe it when it is not true you will become deluded. A Dream can also be an aim or a goal in life. By doing things towards your aim you will become closer to it. This will then become an ambition. The Classic American Dream is to achieve freedom and independence through hard work; once this is accomplished your own land must be acquired to complete The Dream, â€Å"an live off the fatta the lan†. To almost everyone the dream is to be accomplished by itself; however George and Lennie have other plans they want to do it together. This is because loneliness is what makes a man become crazy, so a companion is needed even if he/she is black or white, dumb or clever just to make sure that you don’t become crazy, â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us†. This quote assures you that they are seeking The Dream together and care about each other The characters who want The Classical American try all their luck to achieve it, they include George, Lennie, Candy and Crooks. They want it before George and Lennie even have any contact with them, however it is split up into four beliefs: illusion, hope, ambition and delusion. George does not believe in The Dream at first, he only talks about it as it comforts Lennie to great extents; the dream is an illusion to him. However The Dream rapidly changes into an ambition when he arrives on the ranch. The only way he was near The Dream was because Candy overheard him talking to George about it, he asks if he can have a part in it, he also offers three hundred dollars towards the land that George was talking to Lennie about. The cycle for George starts of with illusion, hope, and ambition then back to illusion at the end. For Lennie The Dream was never an illusion and never will be, with the childlike mind he has. The Dream is an ambition to him throughout the story until he hallucinates about his Aunt Clara and a big, giant rabbit. This shows that he is deluding. For Candy it is very upsetting and hard to cope with because of his old age and the death of his companion. The sudden cancellation affects him dreadfully and he is very upset about this. His cycle covers everything: illusion, hope, ambition and illusion with the sudden cancellation. Crooks has it hard to, he starts to believe in The Dream when Lennie tells him about it, he then confirms this with George he also asks for a place in the deal, but Curley’s wife walks in and he quits the deal. Crooks is still looking for equality, since he is black he knows that he cannot take part in the dream. Another character called slim is also introduced into the story. Slim is portrayed as the ‘perfect man’, his build, looks, hair style, jaw definition etc are all perfect, â€Å"†¦he moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen† this clarifies that slim is the perfect man. The Dream to slim is foolish so he does not believe in it. Another worker on the ranch is Carlson he is portrayed as ‘average Joe’. Carlson and Slim are both symbols and teach you a lot, Carlson is what people were like during The Great Depression, and Slim is what people should be like during The Great Depression. Carlson is the one who kills Candy’s dog once this is acknowledged we are forewarned about George and Lennie, this is a parallel. The New American Dream is money, fame and power through as little as possible. To accomplish this you must go into Hollywood, become an actor. Hollywood was formed during the 1930’s – 1950’s, it was very successful. The only character that believes in The New American Dream is Curley’s wife. She is described as a tart and a lot of trouble, â€Å"Jesus, what a tramp†. She wears a lot of red, red is the colour of Satan i.e. she means trouble. Steinbeck immediately tells us that she will be the reason George and Lennie won’t accomplish The Dream, â€Å"Rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off† the rays of the sunlight in the story mean hope, light are referred to hope i.e. ‘the light at the end of the tunnel’. Her cycle starts of as ambition, when a young actor said he was in the movie business. She then married Curley and was on a ranch most of the time. He Dream then turned into an illusion as she knew that she would not achieve it. She, sadly, dies which brings her Dream to a crashing downfall. This means that The New American Dream should not be believed in. John Steinbeck has used his own thoughts and translated them into text and characters. He has hidden a message inside the book. The only character in the novel that believes about The Dream the whole way through is Lennie. This is because of his childlike mind and through his character he shows how everyone who wants The Dream behaves. He is the voice of all the people that want The Dream, he is their spirit. However this is a message to say that this Dream is childlike as only a child would believe it, Lennie. The Dream provides hope for all those people who want The Dream so badly. The Dream dies at the end with Lennie as no one believes The Dream at the end. The Classical American Dream has been taken over by The New American Dream. The aim is not for a few acres of land and a bunch of rabbits, it is now about wealth, fame, power and reputation. If I were to read the book just like that I would thing it is a boring story now that I have looked deeper into what John Steinbeck is trying to tell us I seem to enjoy the book more. The structure of the book revolves around in a cycle, this supports Steinbecks views that The Dream cannot be achieved. There are many parallels in the book. The character Lennie is compared many times to an animal in the book, he is also shot like Candy’s dog in the same place. From the beginning to the end of the book there is no progress; including Crooks as his cycle is illusion, then hope but back down to illusion again. The language that is used during the novel creates a perfect atmosphere to make the points about The Dream very clear. In the beginning he starts the book with a Garden of Eden atmosphere. By using his words like so he has turned California into a heaven like place, California being the Promise Land then. He starts with a nice atmosphere but soon brings you back down to earth when he describes the other places in the novel. â€Å"On the sandy bank†¦a lizard makes a great skittering among them†. The Garden of Eden like atmosphere and the bunk house at the ranch have a very, very high contrast. The Garden of Eden is full of hope, but the bunk house is like a prison. The dream seems virtually impossible in the bunk house. So George has illusions through his time at the bunk house. Another cyclic theme in the novel is when a water snake dies, but another just comes again.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows†¦and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically†¦Another little water snake swam up the pool, turning its periscope head from side to side†. The American dream is significant as it provides an aim for everyone in life whether it is The New American Dream or The Classical American Dream. The Dream is not about obtaining it or not, it is about the journey towards it. The search for a better life and the companionship in the times of need. The way we deal with the obstacles in front of us and the way we conquer them is what counts. John Steinbeck showed us this through his pen & paper and his great intelligence.

The Causes and Effects of Global Recession

Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time.The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another effect of recession in the economy. As persons try to save more, this reduces sales therefore there is a result of no profits. Another effect may be increase in mortgage rates. At the time of recession, lenders tend to increase rate in order to cover their losses. While in rece ssion employment occasions are reduced since companies tend to cut down on these opportunities thus leading to unemployment in the economy. Countries around the world are being driven into recession as the economic downturn deteriorates.In Europe, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Denmark they have all suffered two consecutive quarters of economic decline the first is the technical definition of a recession and secondly it was already present before. Japan joined the list as it surprised economists and reduced in size in the ending of the year. The UK economy shrank in the third quarter of 2008, and is expected to contract through most of 2009. Many are expecting a new world order with economic power shifting to countries in the east who are better placed to weather the downturn.However, developing economies rely on the west to buy their goods, so recessions in the US and UK will also hurt them. This was according to http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/interactive/2008/oct/08/recession. creditcrunch The effects of recession may be seen as bankruptcies, deflation, a reduction in sales, crash in the stock market and most importantly unemployment. Causes of global recession may be because of the sub-prime lending crisis and rising of oil prices. The main effects of recession are a decrease in profitability, decline in the stock market and difficulty in borrowing.The financial crisis from 2007 to present is a result of the banking system in the United States. This has resulted in the disintegration of financial institutions, bailout of bank by national governments and slumps in stock markets worldwide. In various areas, housing markets has also suffered. Although the credit crunch in the US was costing America and Europe immense job losses, financial professionals were influenced that Africa will NOT BE unharmed by the global financial crisis because of where it is located. The impact of the US credit crunch on Africa was narrow as a result of the restrictions of owne rship.Due to the lack of trade finance is causing stockpiles to build up at Southern Africa’s coal port, because of this, coal trade has fallen drastically. Africa was unharmed for some time. Nevertheless, when the recession strengthened in the First World, the effects were being felt. According to reports people working in the construction, automotive, tourism, finance, services and real estate sectors will be mostly affected during these hard times. Africa’s export and import industries have changed due to the credit crunch in the US.Africa depends heavily on exports of its raw commodities such as oil and coal, and since the US credit crunch the countries that purchases Africa’s exports have been unable to retrieve credit. This has caused a great fall in exports and consecutively resulted in deceased prices. Credit crunch meaning a scarcity of money, declining house prices which is related to a lack of mortgages and credit crunch and cost push inflation result ing in decreased income are some factors that push an economy into recession. A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries.Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was stated that GDP fell to 3. 8% in the U. S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a downturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006.This added to an increase in number of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and made it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing b ubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever.As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, consumers have less purchasing power therefore they are consuming a lot less. Due to this, employers are making a minor profit and as a result they are not capable to pay their workers. Now, because of this they tend to start to cut down on their staff members. The employment rate in the U. K. for a period of three months was recorded as the lowest since many years aback. The number of people employed that was unemployed was unimaginable although there were a number of job vacancies.This then eventua lly increased to new heights. These increases were mostly due to the industrial sectors. In the US, a rumble in the housing segment was driving the economy to new heights. This is a combination of little interest rates and hefty inflows of overseas funds helped to create easy credit situation where it became a lot easier for people to get loans. As more people are able to obtain loans, the demand for houses increased as well as the price for the house. The main aim of most lending institutions and credit firms was to give loans to scores of potential customers as possible.Inspecting the customer’s repaying capacity was overlooked in lots of cases. As a consequence, many people with a low level income as well as bad credit record category were given housing loans in disregard to all theories of financial caution. This type of loan was considered to be sub-prime loans as the repaying of the loan was doubtful. In the age of globalization, no country can remain detached from the variations of global economy. Intense failures suffered by major International Banks will affect all countries of the world.As of now India is facing heat since their market shares are declining daily, their money is declining against money and their banks are facing brutal crash crunch resulting in scarcity of liquidity in the market. A global depression is most likely to be a consequence in the fall in demand of all types of consumer goods. As a result, in 2007-08, India sold a smaller number of goods to overseas consumers. A fall in demand is likely to affect the growth rate as well as export rates. The global downturn continues to have intense impacts for developing countries.Australia is dedicated to responding efficiently to this crisis and civilizing the elasticity of countries and their ability to handle shocks in the mare future. Australia responded to this recession by the prevention of poverty reduction and sustaining programs that generate employment and re-establish eco nomic growth. During 2008 and 2009 the global economy was shaken by towering food and fuel prices. Global economic growth deteriorated in the year 2009. The crisis also produced a significant change in the situation of expanding countries. Economic growth in developing countries in 2009 dramatically decreased compared to that in 2007.Declines in foreign direct investment, export revenue and payments have slow down economic growth and employment in developing countries. There is development towards plummeting poverty and hunger. Extensive job losses in rural areas, export-oriented sectors has enlarged unemployment and impelled more workers into low-income careers. This impact has been a result of recession. Although Japan has not suffered from a housing crumple or toxic assets, its financial system has been hit rigid by the crisis than the US or EU. Japan’s reduction is as a result in the fall in external demand.THE EFFECT OF THE CRISIS ON TESCO Here http://www. corporatewatch . org. uk/? lid=252#sum stated that Tesco, known as Britian’s leading as well as most beneficial supermarket is located in China. As in the current years, Tesco and its biggest rivals have faced disparagement for mistreating their position as a monopoly and adding to some of the main internal and external problems outbreak in society today. Some of these include replacing small farmers with industrial monoculture agricultural estate whereby the wages ahead are lower and their labor privileges. As time went by Tesco took over the leading position.In 1995 Tesco was the largest supermarket and became the leader a few years after. This was foreseen as an achievement. In the year 2000, Tesco successfully launched a website. In 2001, customer satisfaction was taken into consideration as in various stores, enhancement services was implemented. Tesco became the primary merchant in the UK. They also reached to new heights. The entry to Malaysia was made in the upcoming year. As all fi rms do, they offered speciality products which were made for diabetic customers. The business began storing electronic products of all types, as well as furniture in its stores.During this same year the company then further introduced garments mainly in its UK stores giving customers a wider range of products. As years went by Tesco made entries to various countries. Entry was made into China. This time where their product was launched they developed and promoted their products. The website which was launched was available to download music as well. In the year 2005 the existence in Taiwan’s was done. As the years went by Tesco progressed and developed slowly. After a sum of three years, plans were made to establish a new business to be made available in India.According to market studies in 2004, Tesco’s gap was sealing. It was known as the fourth major supermarket in the world existing presently. It is said that Tesco operates countless stores in various countries aro und the world and employees more than hundreds or persons. They used their knowledge to compete against Wal-Mart as by lowering prices so customers would turn to them instead, their increasing sales and consumer awareness and needs. Tesco is known that the major aim of a firm is to maximize profits. However, it is the belief of many that the firm cannot achieve its full potential if it cannot achieve its full growth potential.Therefore in this case Marris’s theory does not make any economic sense. For a firm to be able to maximize shareholders and managers wealth, it must be able to grow and advance enough. Also, since the aim of the modern economic world is globalization, if a firm cannot meet its fullest potential it can be highly compatible with the global market and a wider variety of preferences for trade and investment. According to http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1172251/Prices-profits-Tesco-puts-success-discounts–shoppers-pay-staple-goods. html sales progress at Tesco has plit fifty-fifty due to Britain's major retailer loses patrons to financial plan competitors, together with the thriving German discounters. Although the value of sales through Tesco's stores in UK showed a twelve-monthly growth of 2% within the past three months, it was its worst figure in a long time. The business has react d by establishing a modern recent discount choice, which is bringing inhabitants through the doors nevertheless delivering inferior sales values and profit margins. Tesco had a huge lost from customers due to them switching to Asda while Aldi and Morrisons made a reasonable profit.This was due to switching of customer loyalties. Figures proved that Tesco's leading grocery competitors are doing far more damage to it than formerly deliberated. Tesco insisted that its recently launched brand was to blame for knocking a few percentages of UK sales figures. Selling experts suggested as a result of the values, Tesco is fighting a wrong battle. They should be more concerned about their customers’ preference and not their competitors. It was reported that Tesco is pleased with progress being done but at the same time they are pragmatic about the climate in the economy a present and the twist it is putting on the customers.The director of Tesco stated that the growth of sales in UK was the slowest since the recession in the early 1990s. Although deflation in a business causes losses it is a good decision since customers respond to it. As of the expansion of the business in the US, there is a halt. http://www. tescoplc. com/annualreport09/financialstatements/summary_financial_statement/summary_group_income_statement/ Stated that VAT increased and that exchange rates as well as sales increased. It stated a reduction of inflation and growth rate which impacted on an increase in sales due to customers trying to save their salary.Due to these trends, Tesco took advantage of it by slicing their prices and making products mo re affordable. With the increase in productivity and proper expense management the result of this there was a growth in profits despite the challenges. This website http://industry. bnet. com/retail/10001528/recessions-impact-on-fresh-easy-drags-down-tesco-results/ stated that in the financial year ending February, Tesco lost a huge amount of money in pounds. After bookkeeping for the exchange rates it was shown that an unbelievable amount was due to this.It then was forecasted that an enormous loss occurred in the US. Also it was said that the total sales amounted to 208 million pounds, due to stores having an advantage because of a sale. As stated according to http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/01/tesco_and_recessions_end. html Britain’s largest merchant benefited from an unexpected growth. Sales in the UK rose a remarkable 8. 3% – and 4. 9% per unit of selling space, adjusted for the VAT changes and excluding petrol. This was Tesco's best p erformance for three years. It seemed as doe recession did not have any impact on Tesco.As prices goes up it is stated that other stores are raising their prices. By supporting the credit crunch, this may be as a result of elevated numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing merchants more jobs will be accessible with TESCO therefore helping to trim down the levels of unemployment. A PESTLE analysis is therefore useful in order to keeping TESCO up to date with their environmental surroundings for example by identifying in advance that route to which they are heading for a recession would have helped them to plan in advance. This was stated according to http://www. odelanswer. co. uk/business/help/pestle/tescos. php. it also stated that a PESTLE analysis is essential to the development and the success of TESCO’s also including the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. By lack of knowledge of what external factors affect th e organisation, it is complex to control the business in a well-organized manner. http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/recession-slows-the-tesco-juggernaut-1048858. html states that the biggest retailer, in UK had a huge downturn of sale due to recession.However, Tesco is being battered by brutal competition from rivals, Asda, Morrisons and Aldi, which are apparent to be stronger on price. Thus far, the government’s reaction is mainly heavily dependent on measures agreed to before the crisis began. Negotiating a framework for a unified response by business, government and trade unions, with an emphasis on avoiding, where possible, retrenchments. Interest rate cuts. Proceeding with a three-year infrastructure investment programme. Proceeding with an expanded public-works programme was stated according to http://www. amandlapublishers. co. a/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa. In accordance to http://www. bloombe rg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstory&tkr=TSCO:LN&sid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ. It stated that across all parts of their strategy – UK, International, Non-food, Services, businesses are now physically powerful than it was before the recession. Various procedures, developed market shares, strategic performance and a strong organic development programme, were done to accomplish profitable growth. In the United States, Fresh & Easy has been making tremendous progress, despite lengthened weakness in the economies.Customers are now appreciating the range of fresh food being prepared and the friendly services offered. As of the new businesses, we are become accustom and cultivating feedback. With the upgrading development to our range implemented and with the number of growing stores, which was launched at media campaigns – in is said to offer both high quality and low prices. With a combination of increased customer awareness and the improvements we have made in the store helped to drive stronger positive sales growth throughout the year. As a result of assistance from the government, there was much of no assistance.They insisted that retailers would benefit only from a re-evaluation of business rates as they have been negatively affected by tumbling property values. He also suggested that a cut in the Uniform Business Rate multiplier should be done to avoid businesses suffering rate increases in a recession. The multiplier is reviewed annually and goes up in line with inflation. It was also disclosed that business rates should be reviewed since they do not reflect the changing nature of businesses in which the value ofproperty is no longer profitability as stated according to http://findarticles. om/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/. CONCLUSION In closing global recession has a huge impact on businesses. As a result Tesco was one of the companies affected by the recession.REFERENCE WEBSITES Tesco. com Tecso’s History [Online] Available at: http ://www. tescoplc. com/plc/about_us/tesco_story/ [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] About Tesco [Online] Available at: http://www. cn. tesco. com/en/aboutus/aboutus_history. htm [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Tesco’s weekly sales growth [Online] Available at: http://www. freshplaza. com/news_detail. sp? id=62193 [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Government assistance towards Tesco [Online] Available at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco Plc [Online] Available at: http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstory&tkr=TSCO:LN&sid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] The impact of global recession [Online] Available at: http://www. amandlapublishers. co. za/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco’s recession [Online]

Tomorrows Technology essays

Tomorrow's Technology essays I have chosen the topic Tomorrows Technology for my I.S.P. I choose this topic because Im interested in the direction in which our technology is expanding. I find new technologies intriguing and fascinating. The technology of tomorrow is expanding in all directions and new technologies are leaving humans with endless possibilities. I have chosen four new technologies to investigate and explain all of which will impact our future greatly. People instinctively react to certain sights or sounds. A key part in helping humans make sense of their surrounding environment is to recognizing noticeable objects. In the world of robotics a discouraging challenge is building robots that can intelligently pick out items of interest using sight or sound. Selective-attention modeling is something which a handful of engineers are working on, this technology helps robots to identify objects of interest. Selective-attention modeling attempts to program robots to be able to evaluate scenes critically, the same way the human mind is believed to. Several research groups are giving robots eyes that allow the robot to pick out unusual objects. Pan-and-tilt cameras are the type of camera used to enable robots to identify objects of interest. The ability to respond to an eye catching sight allows robots to act independently when encountering unexpected sights. An example of how this technology may be used is if a robot is inspecting the surface of Mars it may notice an area of discoloured ground, which the robot would take a sample of. A traditional robot would only detect discoloured ground when instructed specifically to look for discoloured ground. Objects of interest are sensed based on many factors including colour, edges, orientation, light intensity and motion. The robot makes maps for each of these factors which can be scanned for irregularities. This new approach gives robots the ability to identify specific objects, for exam...

Free Essays on Modern Russia

MODERN RUSSIA The possible beginning of the fragmentation of the Communist Party and the Soviet era took place when Boris Yeltsin, leader of the Russian S.S.R. who urged faster reform, left the Communist Party along with other radicals. In March 1991, the Soviet people were asked to vote on a referendum on national unity engineered by President Gorbachev. The resultant victory for the federal government was tempered by the separate approval in Russia for the creation of a popularly elected presidency of the Russian republics. The bitter election contest for the Russian presidency, principally between Yeltsin and a Communist loyalist, resulted in a major victory for Yeltsin. He took the oath of office for the new position on July 10, 1991. BORIS YELTSIN Reversing his relative hard-line position, Gorbachev together with leaders of nine Soviet republics signed an accord called the Union Treaty, which was meant to preserve the unity of the nation. In exchange the federal government would have turned over control of industrial and natural resources to the individual republics. An attempted coup d'Ã ©tat took place on August 19, 1991, orchestrated by a group of eight senior officials calling itself the State Committee on the State of Emergency. Boris Yeltsin, barricaded in the Russian parliament building, defiantly called for a general strike. The next day huge crowds demonstrated in Leningrad, and Yeltsin supporters fortified barricades surrounding the parliament building. On August 21 the coup committee disbanded, and at least some of its members attempted to flee Moscow. The Soviet parliament formally reinstated Gorbachev as president. Two days later he resigned from his position as General-Secretary of the Communist Part! y and recommended that its Central Committee be disbanded. On August 29 the parliament approved the suspension of all Communist Party activities pending an investigation of its role in the failed... Free Essays on Modern Russia Free Essays on Modern Russia MODERN RUSSIA The possible beginning of the fragmentation of the Communist Party and the Soviet era took place when Boris Yeltsin, leader of the Russian S.S.R. who urged faster reform, left the Communist Party along with other radicals. In March 1991, the Soviet people were asked to vote on a referendum on national unity engineered by President Gorbachev. The resultant victory for the federal government was tempered by the separate approval in Russia for the creation of a popularly elected presidency of the Russian republics. The bitter election contest for the Russian presidency, principally between Yeltsin and a Communist loyalist, resulted in a major victory for Yeltsin. He took the oath of office for the new position on July 10, 1991. BORIS YELTSIN Reversing his relative hard-line position, Gorbachev together with leaders of nine Soviet republics signed an accord called the Union Treaty, which was meant to preserve the unity of the nation. In exchange the federal government would have turned over control of industrial and natural resources to the individual republics. An attempted coup d'Ã ©tat took place on August 19, 1991, orchestrated by a group of eight senior officials calling itself the State Committee on the State of Emergency. Boris Yeltsin, barricaded in the Russian parliament building, defiantly called for a general strike. The next day huge crowds demonstrated in Leningrad, and Yeltsin supporters fortified barricades surrounding the parliament building. On August 21 the coup committee disbanded, and at least some of its members attempted to flee Moscow. The Soviet parliament formally reinstated Gorbachev as president. Two days later he resigned from his position as General-Secretary of the Communist Part! y and recommended that its Central Committee be disbanded. On August 29 the parliament approved the suspension of all Communist Party activities pending an investigation of its role in the failed...

Learn How to Pronounce German Words in English

Learn How to Pronounce German Words in English While the proper way to pronounce some German terms in English may be debatable, this isnt one of them: Porsche is a family name, and the family members pronounce their surname PORSH-uh. Can you remember when the French automaker Renault still sold cars in North America? (If youre old enough, you may recall Renaults Le Car.) In the early days, Americans pronounced the French name ray-NALT. Just about the time that most of us had learned to say ray-NOH correctly, Renault pulled out of the U.S. market. Given enough time, Americans usually can learn to pronounce most foreign words correctly- if you dont include ​maitre d or hors-doeuvres.   Example of Another Silent-E Another â€Å"silent-e† example is also a brand name: Deutsche Bank.   It could be a carryover from the now entrenched mispronunciation of Germanys former currency, the Deutsche Mark (DM). Even educated English-speakers may say â€Å"DOYTSH mark,† dropping the e. With the arrival of the euro and the demise of the DM, German company or media names with â€Å"Deutsche† in them have become the new mispronunciation target: Deutsche Telekom, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Bahn, or Deutsche Welle. At least most people get the German â€Å"eu† (OY) sound right, but sometimes that gets mangled as well. Neanderthal or Neandertal Most informed people prefer the more German-like pronunciation nay-ander-TALL. Thats because Neanderthal is a German word and German does not have the th sound of English â€Å"the.† The Neandertal (the alternate English or German spelling) is a valley (Tal) named for a German by the name of Neumann (new man). The Greek form of his name is Neander. The fossilized bones of Neandertal man (homo neanderthalensis is the official Latin name) were found in the Neander Valley. Whether you spell it with a t or th, the better pronunciation is nay-ander-TALL without the th sound.   German Brand Names On the other hand, for many German brand names (Adidas, Braun, Bayer, etc.), the English or American pronunciation has become the accepted way to refer to the company or its products. In German, Braun is pronounced like the English word brown (same for Eva Braun, by the way), not BRAWN. But youll probably just cause confusion if you insist on the German way of saying Braun, Adidas (AH-dee-dass, emphasis on the first syllable) or Bayer (BYE-er). The same goes for Dr. Seuss, whose real name was Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904-1991). Geisel was born in Massachusetts to German immigrants, and he pronounced his German name SOYCE. But now everyone in the English-speaking world pronounces the authors name to rhyme with goose.   Frequently Mispronounced Terms German in Englishwith correct phonetic pronunciation Word/Name Pronunciation Adidas AH-dee-dass Bayer bye-er BraunEva Braun brown(not brawn) Dr. Seuss(Theodor Seuss Geisel) soyce GoetheGerman author, poet GER-ta (er as in fern)and all oe-words Hofbruhausin Munich HOFE-broy-house Loess/Lss (geology)fine-grained loam soil lerss (er as in fern) NeanderthalNeandertal nay-ander-tall Porsche PORSH-uh **Phonetic guides shown are approximate. English in Germanwith common German mispronunciation Wort/Name Aussprache airbag (Luftkissen) air-beck chatten (to chat) shetten corned beef kornett beff live (adj.) lyfe (live=life) Nike nyke (silent e) ornee-ka (German vowels)

Toyota Brand Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Brand Analysis - Essay Example Fortification - the brand should carry a consistent image over time to reinforce its place in the consumer's mind and develop a special relationship with the consumer. Brand extensions can further fortify the brand, but only with related products having a perceived fit in the mind of the consumer. A company may have many brand names, but each group should fit well together. When Toyota wanted to compete in the luxury car market, a new brand called Lexus was created. This avoided muddying the established Toyota brand name, which represents value and economy, and removed any possible negative preconceptions about the Lexus name being cheap. The divergent fortunes of two automobiles made by the same manufacturer offer an unintended study of the power of brand strategy to alter behavior. Since 1989, both the Toyota Corolla and the Geo Prizm have been made by New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), a joint venture of General Motors and Toyota. While the two cars are virtual twins, the Corolla has had consistently stronger sales despite a higher price. How come "The strength of Toyota's brand allowed it to charge more," says The Economist. "Buyers thought a Toyota would be superior to a GM car in the same class, and so happily paid more." The effect of brand equity on profit and growth is striking. ... "Buyers thought a Toyota would be superior to a GM car in the same class, and so happily paid more." The effect of brand equity on profit and growth is striking. While both cars cost the same to make-about $10,300-Toyota sold 200,000 Corollas to dealers at $11,000 each, while GM managed to move only 80,000 Geo Prizms at $10,700 between 1990 and 1994, The Economist notes. The result: "Toyota made $128 million more than GM in operating profits from NUMMI, while its dealers made $107 million more than those of GM from the plant's products." Toyota Motor Corp. (TM ) is on pace to be the world's No. 1 auto maker by 2008. It produces nearly one of every six cars sold in the U.S., including nine models in the South and Midwest, where it employs 32,000 Americans. Even New York livery cab fleets, once largely made up of leathery Lincolns, now feature Toyota's Prius, the hit hybrid taking coastal cities by storm. Toyota largely remains "terra incognita" to American investors, while GM can still attract buyers even as it flirts with bankruptcy. "Toyota stock doesn't have the 'mind share' of GM or Ford," says John M. Novak, an auto analyst at Chicago's Morningstar Inc. "There's a perception that you can't invest in it [because] it's a Japanese company -- that you would require a special account." ( Business week) Toyota Strengths: In 2003 Toyota knocked its rivals Ford into third spot, to become the World's second largest carmaker with 6.78 million units. The company is still behind rivals General Motors with 8.59 million units in the same period. Its strong industry position is based upon a number of factors including a diversified product range, highly targeted marketing and a commitment to lean manufacturing and quality. The company makes a large range of

A portfolio about Yue Minjun (an artist), and discussing the meaning Essay

A portfolio about Yue Minjun (an artist), and discussing the meaning of the work, it's form, its context, its qualities - Essay Example He began as a struggling artist in the 1990s as a member of the artistic community at Yuan Ming Yuan in the outskirts of Beijing away from the penetrating eyes of political persecution. When the community broke up, Mingjun shifted to Tongxian, where he flourished, along with other artists. The reason for his success can be attributed by what is known as "cynical realism" in post modernist art. Almost all his works so far, without exception, have contained self-portraits which from a distance look like they are bursting with mirth. But once one sees the gaping blackness of their mouths and eyes closed tightly shut, almost rolling in apparent hilarity in sad, desperate contexts, one realizes that the laughter could be a laughter of absurdity, of cynicism and of critical political commentary. The laughter has been a hallmark of Mingjun's work, making it instantly recognizable, and it has been interpreted variously by different people at disparate points of time. But the artist himself sees his laughing self-portrait as a part of his evolution from the despair of his past, where reality was so very different from his idea of ideal existence. In his opinion, sometimes the only reaction left in the face of utter despair is laughter. The laughter also comes in part from the Chinese tradition of the Laughing Buddha, whose permanent expression is that of laughter, and who is addit

Sanpshot for PR class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sanpshot for PR class - Assignment Example The campaign aims at encouraging them to seek appropriate support and care for psychological health concerns. Print materials including brochures and advertisement cards were used for informing veterans, service members and their families on the presence of help for psychological and other support measures (Ruolo, 2013). Real warriors collaborated with organizations and individuals to aid in spreading the resources and information on the help available to the affected as well as the avenues through which they can be able to access this treatment including Deployment Health Clinical Center, National Center for Telehealth and Technology, and Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Mobile websites and an interactive website were the other strategies used to ensure access to campaign materials to the supporters of the campaign and ensuring the resources, videos, social media, live chat, and other outreach areas provided for the affected members of the community Social media were used in the Real warrior’s campaign through reaching out to military personnel and their families with information on psychological help and support as well as requesting other members to join the course The Real warrior’s campaign has been successful in meeting the needs of the audience to which the campaign was directed and has been able to achieve augmented numbers of veterans, family, and service men receiving treatment and rehabilitation. In my opinion, the campaign is well handled and received with an emphasis on the messages tailored for the veterans, service members, and their families. The messages of the campaign and objectives are well stated, and testimonial videos from military personnel and veterans suffering from mental illnesses are very compelling (Acosta et al., 2012). The campaign is creative and uses innovative measures coupled with technologically advanced

Manufacturing process wings for formula one cars using with ribs Coursework

Manufacturing process wings for formula one cars using with ribs - Coursework Example This is the first step and it entails the design process of the parts of the wings. According to Keynes (2014), software such as Siemens, product lifecycle management software permits the racing engineers to improve product design and production process, as well as attainingdesign iterations in the virtual environment. In that perspective, this process involves choosing the shape and patterns of the wings and its parts. This step also focuses on the optimization of the aerodynamics of the wings to ensure efficient output during the racing process. This is the second step and it involves the manufacture of the designed parts. The materials used in this process is carbon fibre and its foams. As cited by. (Wood, 2013) moving from the concept of aerodynamic to a carbon composite fit for the racetrack needs a significant bunch of engineering processes and tools and processes. The designed patterns are moulded, produced and taken to a clearing chamber where several layers of carbon fibre and carbon forms are put together in layers. The parts, according to the design, may take up to 100 layers of carbon foams. After the layers have been put together, they are then sealed together and then put into a vacuum chamber to remove air. The vacuum chamber then sucks the air out. The third step involves forwarding the put together layers into a chamber for a curing process. The layers are then subjected to a high pressure of up to seven atmospheres at a temperature of up to one hundred and nineteen degrees Celsius. This results into the binding of the layers together by squeezing. The bending process is actually handled by the spars that run the span of the wing. Besides, the outer skn needs to be tailored towards avoding skin buckling since the wings have the capability of flexing and bending. The fourth step involves the assembly of the different parts of the wings to make a complete functional wing. The different parts are bind together using rivets. In

Leading and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leading and Leadership - Essay Example The term â€Å"vision† suggests a mental picture of what the future organization will look like† (Leading and leadership). What is more difficult is to make people trust your forecasts. This task is not easy, thus the main purpose of the article titled â€Å"Goals† is to explain to the leaders how to make people trust them. A leader must be energetic and beam positive emotions. The team should consider a leader to be a winner; no one would like to follow a looser. It is essential to make people aware of where the company is going and what the main purposes are. The success can be reached only through teamwork, it is impossible to reach the goals alone. The leader should remember several rules: (a) it is essential to set realistic goals; (b) the goals should be directed on the improvements (c) people should take an active part in the process of setting purposes; (d) each goal should be achieved through a thorough plan. When the vision is developed, a leader should share it with a team and it is the task of a team to build a strategy that will help reach the goals (Hackman & Wageman, 2005). In order to build a right vision, that it the most difficult task, it is recommended to use the principle of the economist Vilfredo Pareto, who encourages leaders to think not about the great number of effects, but to pay more attention to the small number of causes. â€Å"Some leaders fall into the time wasting trap of going after the 80 percent of items that only have a value of 20 percent of the total net worth. Your visions need to picture the 20 percent that will have the greatest impact on your organization† (Leading and leadership). After the goals are already set, the next step is to make people achieve them. In order to make people do something, it is essential to inspire them. They should know what results they should have and what improvements their actions will bring. The leader should be passionate, involve employees in decision-making

Learning Plan Outcome Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Plan Outcome Report - Essay Example Patient assessment skills in the area of emergency nursing are important for several reasons (Sbaih, 2001). The most important of them is gradually increasing patient loads and increased waiting time. Nurses may segregate patients needing immediate attendance by being able to identify the patients with serious problems. This also fulfils two graduate qualities of the nurses, which are ability to apply knowledge in real situations and ability to identify the methodological and substantive limitations of the field and to apply a disciplined mode of enquiry in practice. To be able to apply nursing assessment skills in the patients with TIA needs ability to execute a detailed central nervous system examination to know whether the patient is progressing towards CVA. This is a changing situation in the patient's clinical status which can be determined through a thorough clinical examination. This clinical information must be located, evaluated, managed, and used in the clinical context of the patient's condition. It is evident that the clinical skill of the nurse in this context will be limited, and an accurate assessment of learning will imbibe this point (Schriver et al., 2003). This means this would also involve the capacity to evaluate current knowledge. In the real clinical scenario of the Emergency Department, this means an independent demonstration of the skill, and therefore, it means taking the responsibility for learning development. In order to reach a diagnosis which would classify the urgency of the patient means responding confidently to changing clinical scenarios in a flexible and adaptable manner, and a critical thinking approach would develop through this which would also promote sustenance of intellectual interest for further learning (Hageness et al., 2003) Product Information Fact Sheet on Clinical Assessment of TIA and CVA in the Emergency Nursing Q1. What is TIA Ans 1. TIA or transient ischemic attack is a state of transient deficiency of cerebrovascular blood supply leading to alterations in vision or speech, dizziness, weakness, a sudden fall, or a temporary paralysis on one side of the body. Usually, this is reversible, but calls for a detailed neurological examination to rule out any permanent neurological deficits (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 2004). Q2. What is CVA Ans 2. CVA or cerebrovascular accident is also known as stroke or brain attack. By definition, it is occurrence and persistence of neurologic dysfunction for more than 24 hours as a result of disruption of blood supply to the brain in an irreversible manner (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 2004). Q3. How does CVA occur Ans 3. Most of the CVAs are ischemic. About 30% of these patients may have hemorrhage within the brain to be attended, supported, admitted, and managed immediately for higher mortality and morbidity. Thus, in the emergency nursing area, it is important to identify the categories of these patients so appropriate management can be provided (Hickey, 2004). Q4. What are the other associated conditions in these patients Ans 4. TIA or CVA originates from diseases of the blood vessels. In some patients the associated heart disease is the cause of TIA or CVA. Hypertension is commonly associated with most of these cases. While assessing a patient with CVA, it is to be remembered that many

Leading and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leading and Leadership - Essay Example The term â€Å"vision† suggests a mental picture of what the future organization will look like† (Leading and leadership). What is more difficult is to make people trust your forecasts. This task is not easy, thus the main purpose of the article titled â€Å"Goals† is to explain to the leaders how to make people trust them. A leader must be energetic and beam positive emotions. The team should consider a leader to be a winner; no one would like to follow a looser. It is essential to make people aware of where the company is going and what the main purposes are. The success can be reached only through teamwork, it is impossible to reach the goals alone. The leader should remember several rules: (a) it is essential to set realistic goals; (b) the goals should be directed on the improvements (c) people should take an active part in the process of setting purposes; (d) each goal should be achieved through a thorough plan. When the vision is developed, a leader should share it with a team and it is the task of a team to build a strategy that will help reach the goals (Hackman & Wageman, 2005). In order to build a right vision, that it the most difficult task, it is recommended to use the principle of the economist Vilfredo Pareto, who encourages leaders to think not about the great number of effects, but to pay more attention to the small number of causes. â€Å"Some leaders fall into the time wasting trap of going after the 80 percent of items that only have a value of 20 percent of the total net worth. Your visions need to picture the 20 percent that will have the greatest impact on your organization† (Leading and leadership). After the goals are already set, the next step is to make people achieve them. In order to make people do something, it is essential to inspire them. They should know what results they should have and what improvements their actions will bring. The leader should be passionate, involve employees in decision-making

Emile Bronte and Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Emile Bronte and Wuthering Heights Essay Wuthering Heights is one of the most influential novels of 19th century; even though a dark and powerful novel the deeper aspects of life and strong emotions form the pillar of the novel. The novel is intricately weaved with strong emotion, powerful imagery and the conflict of possession. It reveals the most complex love story interlaced with separation and union under most conflicting circumstances. Love has been portrayed as a very evasive powerful emotion where give and take is exercised in complete isolation, just with the individual soul, and in that manner every character is lonely and isolated. It has been critically analyzed that the circumstance and the characters in the book reflects close similarity to the writer Emile Bronte’s personal life and surrounding. Wuthering Heights is the only novel which she wrote and since Emile Bronte’s life was dark and dreary, Wuthering Heights was influenced by her experience of isolation. Emily Bronte was an extraordinary writer of 19th century known for her imaginative and inspiring streak which reflects in her work as well as her life. Emily never married, stood up for her inner convictions and lived all her life at her family’s home in Haworth Parsonage, near Yorkshire Moors in northern England. She loved her home and her surrounding, which was rugged, dreary and wild in landscape, full of storms and harsh and unpredictable weather. Her novel Wuthering Heights is very clear imagery of her home surrounding in manner of exposure to the moors, cliffs and the isolated and dark setting. (Jennings). The early tragedies of loss of her mother and her two elder sisters as a result of terrible illnesses, affected her very deeply being very closely associated with pain and isolation. She lived with her other siblings two other sisters and a brother creating an imaginary world inspired by the toy soldiers which was a gift from her father. Emily seemed to be more overpowered by this imaginary world, even as an adult unlike her other siblings. Her fantasy world was called â€Å"Gondal†, and this private world provided her with immense strength and inspiration. In this world which was ruled by a woman she was in charge and control of her life. The character of Catherine Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights reflects this aspect of her personality in imagination, holding on to her past and in her intensity of love, which gives her more pain than pleasure. The intensity and the passion is in proportion of the pain and anguish to save what she has in the depth of her heart fighting with the external environment tormented by harsh winds and storms. Wuthering Heights is in many ways a clear reflection of Emily’s life, and the society in which she lived where women were not treated as an equal with the men of the society. The rules by which women had to live were very strict and allowed for little freedom or independence. Catherine, merges with Emily in her thinking, feeling and intensity. Even the steps she takes to make compromises in her life, is reflection of her courage and strength as it is taken to ensure security for Heathcliff or to ensure that her love thrives in more secure circumstances. Catherine is wild and intense and follows her heart, in sincerity, the main objective of her life is make things better for Heathcliff, who is her other image. Heathcliff and Catherine are inseparable, they are like two bodies with one soul. They cannot live without each other, and all their life they are drawn in relationship, which changes with the change of identity for Catherine from Catherine Earnshaw as a girl and teenager who is madly and inseparably in love with Heathcliff, to Catherine Heathcliff as two inseparable identities merged into one and Catherine Linton who is the regeneration of the Catherine, to keep her alive through her spirit and beauty. The story of Wuthering Heights begins with the introduction of the pages from Catherine’s diary, a love story which is ready to be brought before the world as one of the most intense stories of the time with timeless passion and intensity which begins with life and carries until the grave. There are intrusions but there is always the clarity of focus on who really belongs to whom, in the inner world of heart and soul. This is so closely connected with the conditions of Emily’s life and her close bond with the novel Wuthering Heights, Catherine’s diary can be said as Emily’s diary where she is trying to reveal her inner world to the outside world, it is intimate, personal and deep. She expresses her free and independent attitude thorough Cathy, with similar rebellion and strength of character, to stand up against the injustice done towards Heathcliff. There is a very intimate relationship between the dream and the reality, which is guided through the pages of the diary. The different inscriptions of Catherine’s name are reflective of the movement of the novel from one generation to another linking the key relationships which are covered under layers of hypocrisy. â€Å"When you have processed the information you have been waiting for, you see the point of the order of the scribbled names, as Lockwood gives them: Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff, Catherine Linton. Read from left to right they recapitulate Catherine Earnshaw’s story; read from roght to left, the story of her daughter, Catherine Linton. The names Catherine and Earnshaw begin and end the narrative this is an account of the movement of the book: away from Earnshaw and back, like movement of the house itself. (MW,419-20) (Jacobs 1979) The sequential order of the names as they first appear on the window ledge, then in the diary and elsewhere, connects the story with past and present, interweaving in it the aspect of darkness of the nightmares and the dreams and the powerful influence of nature with the supernatural element, overshadowing the moors and the Wuthering heights. The sinister darkness of the towering Wuthering heights, can be compared to the dark impressions left on her tender mind of the loss of her mother and the sisters, the personal loss and pain have emerged as the source of darkness and the isolation, which the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights have to endure and live day after day without any clear sign of hope and light. The outside physical world is dark and gloomy; the only refuge is in the sanctuary of the heart and soul, which drives the novel from beginning to end in the service of love, regardless of social constraints. The isolation which the characters of the Wuthering Heights experience is beyond imagination. It is sheer inner strength which allows for the characters to emerge from the dreary darkness, just like Emily, whose inner strength and courage made her survive the road of solitary path in the midst of social stigma and environmental control. This isolation can be seen almost all of her characters in Wuthering Heights. This aspect can be seen as the homelessness and the anguish of isolation is experienced by Hindley when he is forced from home, after old Earnshaw’s death Heathcliff is driven away, returning some years later, on the death of Heathcliff finally Hareton has a chance to live who had live almost in destitude and isolation within the walls of Wuthering Heights. Isabella first leaves her home in The Grange for life with Heathcliff, and then is devastated by her marriage with Heathcliff escapes to anonymity with impossibility for return. Her son Linton is first uprooted to his uncle’s home and then to his fathers home. The young Catherine, daughter of Catherins Earnshaw is first taken from Thrushcross Grange as Heathcliff’s temporary prisoner and then is forced to become his daughter-in-law and his permanent prisoner. The ultimate of isolation and exile is the conscious choice made by Cathy(Catherine Earnshaw ) who creates her exile as a conscious act of imagination, just like Emily in her Gonad world: â€Å"If I were in heaven, Nelly, I would be extremely miserable. I dreamt one that I was there. Heaven did not seem to be my home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out, into the middle of the heath on the top of Withering Heights; where I woke up sobbing for joy† (Jacobs 1979) The marriage to Edgar fulfils this prophecy of homelessness from which only death promises respite. Yet, Cathy’s death is again another self-imposed exile, as she refuses to get better and wants to die, this scene has amazing similarity with the manner in which Emily died. The manner, in which Emily dies in isolation, is an example which captures the synthesis of the conviction and the courage with which she lived her life. Emily was the strongest and the most sincere of the Bronte family, who had the inner strength to stand for her inner faith and conviction, unruffled by the outside world and its changing influences. â€Å"She was a strong willed person who remained true to herself and her vision, even until her very last breath. † (Jennings). She was very ill, just like the protagonist of the novel Wuthering Heights, Cathy, â€Å"she was suffering from severe lung infection, but she refused to give in to her illness and continued to live as she always had: believing her own strength would help her endure and survive and ultimately overcome the physical limitations of her life. Emily Brontes life and death of courage and independence is a lasting example to us all†(Jennings) Emily Bronte valued life greatly and her novel reflects her close vision about the preciousness of life and the power of the inner self (soul). She had strong conviction that no matter how violent the turmoil outside, as is reflected in many aspects of Wuthering Heights in relationships, weather and social conflict, the human soul had the power to endure and go beyond the barriers and the hardships which inflict pain and suffering as part of our experience in life. Her greatest accomplishment was writing her novel Wuthering Heights, which is the only novel she ever wrote and through which â€Å"she was able to speak her mind able to speak her own mind, make clear the power of her voice, and reveal her entire vision of humankind to the world. It has been 150 years since Wuthering Heights was first published, yet it is still a widely-read book and is studied in many schools. Emily Brontes story of two childhood companions who are unable to remain together once they are adults is powerful and moving. It reminds each of us, no matter who we are, that we are often left alone in the world, and that we all long to be a part of something more than ourselves, but that it is only through love of ourselves that we can truly find love with others. The story is written in one of the most unforgettable, original voices ever heard, and almost everyone who has read this novel has been deeply affected by it. Emily died at the age of thirty, only a year after Wuthering Heights was published, but she still speaks to us through her writing. † †(Jennings) No Coward soul is mine No trembler in the worlds storm-troubled sphere I see Heavens glories shine And Faith shines equal arming me from Fear There is not room for Death Nor atom that his might could render void Since thou art Being and Breath and what thou art may never be destroyed

Kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek

Kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek Soort onderzoek Er is gekozen voor een kwalitatief beschrijvend onderzoek. Er wordt een antwoord gezocht op de vraag wat de gevolgen zijn van een loyaliteitsconflict bij jongeren met een licht verstandelijke beperking. Binnen dit onderzoek zijn er interviews gehouden met zes jongeren in de leeftijd van 7 t/m 16 jaar. Binnen de interviews is er gebruik gemaakt van een genogram. Als achtergrondinformatie is er gebruik gemaakt van de literatuur. Onderzoeksontwerp Om het onderzoek te kunnen uitvoeren is er een plan van aanpak opgesteld volgends de stappen van Baarda (2005). Er is een topiclijst opgesteld aan de hand van de attenderende begrippen uit de gebruikte literatuur. Een topiclijst is een lijst met daarop onderwerpen die aanbod komen bij de interviews. Uit de verschillende bestaande interviews is er voor dit onderzoek gekozen voor een gedeeltelijk gestructureerd interview. Dit houdt in dat de topiclijst dient voor de onderwerpen die besproken worden en deze lijst geeft de voorkeur aan van de volgorde van de vragen. Een gedeelte van de vragen staan dus vast aan de hand van de topiclijst. De onderzoeker heeft deze keuze gemaakt om een rode draad te hebben tijdens het interview en omdat de jongeren een licht verstandelijke beperking hebben en snel afgeleid zijn. De interviews zijn afgenomen bij zes respondenten van de naschoolse dagbehandeling uit Terneuzen. Er is voor gekozen om de jongeren op hun eigen behandelgroep te ondervragen omdat de behandeling in hun dagelijkse routine zit en omdat dit een vertrouwde omgeving is. Onderzoekseenheden/respondenten SOORTSTEEKPROEF!! De onderzoekseenheden zijn alle zes verbonden aan oftewel de naschoolse dagbehandeling 12 tot 16 jaar of de naschoolse dagbehandeling 6 tot 12 jaar, beiden gevestigd in Terneuzen. Er is gekozen voor een beredenerende selecte steekproef bij het onderzoek. De kinderen/jongeren zijn zorgvuldig gekozen, hierbij is gekeken naar de aard van het loyaliteitsconflict, de leeftijd en naar de bijkomende individuele problematiek. De jongeren zullen bevraagd worden hun eigen behandelgroep. Hiervoor is gekozen omdat het voor de jongeren/kinderen een veilige vertrouwde plek is waar ze zich op hun gemak voelen. Tevens zal er tijdens het interview een genogram gemaakt worden met de respondenten. Op deze manier wordt inzichtelijk gemaakt hoe het kind het systeem ziet. Ook wordt er tijdens het interview gebruik gemaakt van de familierelatietest. Door het gebruik van zowel de genogram als de familierelatie test geven de jongeren/kinderen op een speelse manier antwoord op de vragen en is het interview afwisselend. Voor jongeren met een lichtverstandelijke beperking is het moeilijk om geconcentreerd te zijn en te blijven. De onderzoeker hoopt dat, door de afwisseling binnen het interview, de concentratie te kunnen behouden, Dataverzameling en verwerking Om binnen dit onderzoek gegevens te verzamelen is er gekozen voor het afnemen van interviews. De keuze om interviews af te nemen is gevallen omdat, het afnemen van interviews, beschreven staat als een ultieme methode voor het achterhalen van attitude, kennis, gevoelens en meningen (Baarda,2005). Binnen dit onderzoek is het van belang om de mening, attitude en gevoelens van de respondenten te achterhalen. De interviews waren gedeeltelijk gestructureerd, dit houdt in dat er van te voren per onderwerp een hoofdvraag vast stond. De interviews werden gehouden aan de hand van de op voorhand gestelde topiclijst. (ZIE ) Per topic stond er 1 hoofdvraag vast, de resterende vragen zijn ontstaan tijdens het interview. De topiclijst is opgesteld aan de hand van de gebruikte literatuur. De interviews hebben maximaal 45 minuten geduurd. Er is er voor deze tijd gekozen omdat de respondenten een licht verstandelijke beperking hebben en zij maximaal 45 minuten hun concentratie bij dit onderwerp konden houden. Het eerste interview was een proefinterview, dit om na te gaan wat de duur van het interview zou zijn en of de interviewvragen voldoende waren om tot resultaten te leiden. Alle interviews zijn opgenomen, de respondenten zijn hiervan op de hoogte gesteld bij aanvang van het interview. De opgenomen interviews zijn op een later tijdstip uitgeschreven. Dit om de dataverwerking zo efficià «nt mogelijk te laten verlopen. En de validiteit te vergroten. Aan de interviews hebben zes respondenten meegewerkt in de leeftijd van 7 t/m 16 jaar. De interviews waren 1-1 en werden gehouden op het kantoor in de groep. Hiervoor is gekozen omdat dit een rustige en vertrouwde plek is van de jongeren. Tijdens het interview zijn er, naast de vaste vraag per topic, voornamelijk open vragen gesteld. Aan de hand van de topiclijst werden er voornamelijk open vragen gesteld daarnaast was het belangrijk voor de interviewer om door te vragen en samen te vatten, dit om duidelijk te krijgen of de interviewer de informatie van de respondent goed begreep en om de aandacht van de respondenten bij het gesprek te houden. Tevens is er tijdens het interview geobserveerd, hierbij werd voornamelijk gelet op de houding en de non verbale communicatie van de respondenten. Ook is er gebruik gemaakt van een genogram. Door het maken van een genogram wordt inzichtelijk hoe de respondent zijn gezinssysteem plaatst. Tevens zal dit middel dienen om over dit onderwerp in gesprek te komen. Een voorbeeld van een gebruikt genogram is te zien in bijlage op bladzijde. Dataregistratie Voor dit onderzoek is er voor gekozen om bandopnames te maken van de afgenomen interviews. Op deze manier wordt er direct geregistreerd, dit verhoogt de validiteit van het onderzoek. Alle respondenten zijn op voorhand op de hoogte gesteld van de bandopnames en hebben hier allemaal toestemming voor gegeven. Een interview is te vinden in bijlage op bladzijde Verder zijn er tijdens de interviews aantekeningen gemaakt van opvallendheden, denk hierbij aan non verbale communicatie. Data analyse De gegevens uit de interviews zijn volgens de stappen van Baarda (2005) uitgewerkt. Vervolgens zijn de gegevens geanalyseerd volgens de analysestappen van Baarda (2005). De interviews worden letterlijk uitgeschreven. DATA ANALYSE BESPREKING VALIDITEIT EN BETROUWBAARHEID Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid Het is van belang dat het duidelijk is waar de onderzoeksresultaten op gebaseerd zijn, het is de bedoeling dat ze controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Het is voor de onderzoeker van belang dar er rekening gehouden wordt met het hebben van de eigen mening en deze niet mee te laten tellen bij het interview. Voor een kwalitatief onderzoek is het van belang dat duidelijk wordt waar de onderzoeksconclusies op gebaseerd zijn, ze moeten controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit In dit verslag heeft de onderzoeker duidelijk beschreven over welke onderzoekssituatie, populatie en methode van onderzoek het gaat en dat hierover uitspraken gedaan zijn. Voor het kwalitatief onderzoek geldt namelijk dat het duidelijk moet zijn waar de onderzoeksconclusies op gebaseerd zijn, ze moeten controleerbaar en inzichtelijk zijn. Als onderzoeker is het belangrijk om bewust te zijn van de eigen mening, dat deze geen invloed gaat uitoefenen tijdens het interview. Er bestaat namelijk de mogelijkheid dat er zaken over het hoofd gezien worden waardoor zaken niet of minder opvallen door de onderzoeker. Hierdoor is het van belang dat de onderzoeker een duidelijke mening heeft en deze kan beschrijven om misverstanden te voorkomen. Om de validiteit van het onderzoek te vergroten is er bij dit onderzoek gekeken naar de interne, externe- en dataverzamelings-geldigheid. Om de interne geldigheid van dit onderzoek te verhogen is er tijdens de keuze voor het onderzoeksontwerp kritisch gekeken naar welk ontwerp het meest geschikt was om antwoord te krijgen op de hoofdvraag van het onderzoek. Om de externe geldigheid van het onderzoek te vergroten is er tijdens het interviewen zoveel mogelijk geprobeerd om de gegevensverzameling in de originele situatie uit te voeren. Dit werd gedaan door de interviews op de slaapkamer van de respondent zelf te laten plaatsvinden. Door de kritische beschrijving van de onderzoekssituatie en populatie is eveneens de geldigheid vergroot, aangezien het op deze manier mogelijk werd om conclusies uit dit onderzoek te projecteren op vergelijkbare situaties, generaliseren. Kortom de onderzoekssituatie werd beschreven en geà ¯nterpreteerd vanuit het gezichtpunt van de clià «nt. De eerder genoemde datatriangulatie (verschillende dataverzameling technieken) van het onderzoek verhoogt de dataverzamelingsgeldigheid. De andere maatregelen die getroffen zijn door de onderzoeker om de betrouwbaarheid te vergroten is het onderzoeksgebied en de topiclijst af te bakenen hierdoor is de interne validiteit gewaarborgd. De onderzoeker had ook naar de populatie frequentie gekeken, doordat er acht clià «nten naar deze woonvorm waren verhuist, (wat een kleine hoeveelheid is voor een kwalitatief onderzoek) werd er afgesproken dat er minimaal vijf clià «nten aan dit onderzoek moesten deelnemen. Hierdoor kon de onderzoeker de validiteit beter waarborgen. Mochten er geen vijf clià «nten deelnemen aan het onderzoek, dan zou het onderzoek niet uitgevoerd worden doordat het dan niet betrouwbaar was. Hier heeft de onderzoeker goed over na gedacht, waardoor deze zo zorgvuldig en zo duidelijk mogelijk informatie verstrekt heeft aan de clià «nten met betrekking tot het onderzoek. De interviews zijn alleen door de onderzoek afgenomen, en de vragen zijn zoveel mogelijk eenduidig en in dezelfde stijl gesteld. Tevens is er van te voren een topiclijst opgesteld zodat alle clià «nten dezelfde onderwerpen krijgen, het geeft richting aan de gesprekken. Het interview is opgenomen op een cassetterecorder zodat er geen aantekeningen gemaakt werden zodat het gesprek efficià «nt kon verlopen, daarnaast ontstond er zo min mogelijk vertekening van de resultaten. Voor het gebruik van deze apparatuur werd vooraf toestemming gevraagd aan de respondenten. Om sociale wenselijkheid toch zo veel mogelijk te voorkomen, werd door de onderzoeker een duidelijk kader aangegeven waarin het gesprek plaats vond. In dit inleidend gedeelte werd door de onderzoeker uitgelegd waar het interview voor diende en hoe de gegevens gebruikt werden. Er werd duidelijk aangegeven dat de resultaten geheel anoniem verwerkt werden. De vragenlijst, de validiteit hiervan werd getoetst door het kenniscentrum. Het kwalitatieve gedeelte (interview) Volgens de stappen van Baarda (2005) moesten de gegevens vanuit het interview verwerkt worden. Daarna werden de gegevens geanalyseerd aan de hand van de analysestappen volgens Baarda. Bij kwalitatief onderzoek bestaan de gegevens niet uit cijfermateriaal maar vooral uit interviewgegevens. De gegevens werden letterlijk uitgeschreven als tekst (transcriptie). Hierbij zat ook een omschrijving van de respondent, de interviewsituatie, het tijdstip van andere relevante informatie, zoals opvallend non-verbaal gedrag. Het gaat daarna om de analyse van deze teksten. In deze analyse worden de volgende stappen onderscheiden: Selectie van de tekst op relevantie en het schrappen van niet relevante informatie. De probleemstelling vormt hierbij het uitgangspunt. Opdeling van relevante tekst in fragmenten en wel zo dat elk fragment informatie geeft over slechts een onderwerp. Codering van tekstfragmenten. Elk tekstfragment wordt voorzien van een of meer labels (code) waarmee de inhoud van het fragment zo goed mogelijk wordt weergegeven. Ordening en reductie van labels. De verschillende labels die aan de tekstfragmenten gegeven zijn lopen veelal uiteen. Ze zijn van een verschillend abstractieniveau en soms wordt voor het zelfde thema meerdere labels gehanteerd. De labels worden hier geclusterd rond een bepaald thema en daarna wordt er een ordening aangebracht, zoals in tijd. Controle van de labels. Is het label systeem volledig? Is nieuwe informatie zonder problemen onder te brengen in de verzamelde labels? Is er sprake van verzadiging? Definià «ring van de labels: Wanneer de kernlabels zijn benoemd, moet er voor iedereen uit de definitie duidelijk zijn wat er onder verstaan wordt. Controle van de betrouwbaarheid. Zou een andere onderzoeker tot dezelfde labeling komen en worden tekstfragmenten onder dezelfde labels ingedeeld? Door een ander de tekstfragmenten opnieuw te laten labelen en in te de delen kan dit beoordeeld worden. Beantwoording van de probleemstelling. Voor de uiteindelijke analyse moet weer teruggegaan worden naar de probleemstelling van het onderzoek. De onderzoeker is na gegaan of de kernlabels alle even belangrijk waren in het kader van de probleemstelling of dat er nog een zekere hià «rarchie moet worden aangebracht. Resultaten en analyse van het onderzoek (8 tot 10 paginas) Inleiding In hoofdstuk vijf is een uitgeschreven interview terug te vinden in bijlage ., dit interview is uitgeschreven volgens de stappen van Baarda. Binnen dit onderzoek zijn de volgende kernlabels op de voorgrond gekomen; Sekse, nationaliteit, gebeurtenissen verwerken, gevoelens, Afweermechanismen, gezinssysteem, zondebokmechanisme,loyaliteit, schuldgevoel, balans, destructief recht, tegenstrijdige eisen van ouders. Sommige citaten van de geà ¯nterviewden staan vermeld onder de bovengenoemde kernlabels. Verder is er in dit hoofdstuk te lezen hoe het onderzoek gegaan is in de praktijk. Onderzoek het veldwerk in de praktijk Het onderzoek heeft plaatsgevonden op twee groepen van de naschoolse dagbehandeling in Terneuzen van Stichting AZZ. De reden hiervan is omdat de onderzoeker werkzaam is op een van de groepen en regelmatig met jongeren te maken heeft met jongen van gescheiden ouders. De respondenten van het onderzoek zijn allemaal in behandeling op de naschoolse dagbehandeling en zijn zorgvuldig geselecteerd. De jongeren zijn kinderen van gescheiden ouders, en lijken een loyaliteitsconflict te ervaren. De onderzoeker kent drie van de respondenten van de groep waarop ze werkzaam is. De andere drie respondenten zijn van de naschoolse dagbehandeling 12-, en waren onbekend voor de onderzoeker. Met de respondenten van de 12- groep heeft de onderzoeker eerst kennis gemaakt door een aantal keer op de groep te komen en met ze te kletsen over de dagelijkse dingen. Op deze manier was de onderzoeker niet meer vreemd voor de respondenten en verliep het interviews makkelijker. De interviews zijn afgenomen onder de behandeltijd omdat de jongeren dan op de groep zijn en hier niet speciaal voor terug hoefden te komen. De interviews zijn afgenomen op het kantoor in de groep. De interviews zijn allemaal opgenomen op een bandrecorder en verwerkt en geanalyseerd zoals staat beschreven in hoofdstuk vier. Interviewverwerking Het uitwerken van de interviews is gebeurt naar aanleiding van het stappenplan voor een kwalitatief onderzoek, volgends Baarda (2005). De interviews zijn letterlijk uitgeschreven en de opvallendheden zijn tijdens de interviews genoteerd en later in de interviews verwerkt. De genogram en de familierelatietest zijn hulpmiddelen om tot antwoorden te komen tijdens de interviews. En om de concentratie van de respondenten erbij te houden. De topiclijst is gebruikt als uitgangspunt voor de kernlabels. Door de tekst in te delen met bijbehorende fragmenten, zijn er labels ontstaan die weer een onderdeel van de kernlabel zijn. De labels die uit de interviews naar voren kwamen zijn bij elkaar gezet en daar is dan het kernlabel uitgekomen, dus de topic en daar zijn de citaten van de geà ¯nterviewden geplaatst. Op deze manier wordt er een overzichtelijk beeld gecreà «erd over de mening van de respondenten over het betreffende onderwerpen. Op de volgende bladzijden staan de kernlabels nader toegelicht. Sekse, nationaliteit, gebeurtenissen verwerken, gevoelens, Afweermechanismen, gezinssysteem, zondebokmechanisme,loyaliteit, schuldgevoel, balans, destructief recht, tegenstrijdige eisen van ouders Kernlabel: Feiten Kernlabel: Gebeurtenissen verwerken De respondenten geven aan dat ze allemaal moeite hadden met de echtscheiding van hun ouders. Aangegeven wordt dat de ouders veel ruzie maakte en dat ze wel blij zijn dat dat over is. De respondenten geven aan dat ze van mening zijn dat het belangrijk is dat het uitgelegd wordt aan de kinderen waarom de ouders uit elkaar gaan. Niet bij elke respondent is dat gebeurt. Aan sommige geà ¯nterviewden is niet uitgelegd waarom de ouders uit elkaar gingen. Ze geven aan dat ze dit vervelend vonden omdat ze ook wel wisten wat er aan de hand was. Sommige jongeren zeggen er met een aantal familieleden over te hebben kunnen praten , andere zeggen het er niet over gehad te hebben. Een respondent verteld over zijn manier van de gebeurtenis verwerken: Ma vertelde (maakt haakjesgebaar met zijn handen) het want we reden wat rond in Hulst en we reden een straat in en daar stond een bordje verkocht op, en toen zei ma dat we hier gingen wonen, dat ma weg ging van mijn pa. Ik wist wel dat ze ruzie hadden maar ik wist niet dat ze uit elkaar gingen. Ik wilde liever bij mijn pa wonen maar ik was nog klein hà ¨?, dus ik had niks te zeggen Een andere respondent zegt: Toen ik hoorde dat mijn ouders uit elkaar gingen kon ik er niet met mijn moeder over praten, want zij was vet verdrietig dus hield ik alles maar voor me en deed ik gewoon alles wat ik altijd al deed. Gewoon school, en niet zeiken. Het was erger voor mijn moeder niet voor mij, dat zei mijn oma ook. Kernlabel: Gevoelens en schuldgevoel Verdriet wordt het meeste genoemd bij het bespreken van de gevoelens van de geà ¯nterviewde. Ze vertellen verdrietig geweest te zijn omdat er veel spanningen waren tussen de ouders en ze zagen dat de ouders hier ook verdriet om hadden. De geà ¯nterviewde voelde zich machteloos omdat ze niks konden doen. Ook de gevoelens boos en bang worden genoemd. De geà ¯nterviewden zijn vooral bang omdat er iets ging veranderen en ze niet wisten hoe het dan zou zijn, en bang om een ouder kwijt te raken.

The Opening Chapters in Great Expectations and Jane Eyre Essays

How effective are the opening chapters in Great Expectations and Jane Eyre? In my essay i will be explaining and comparing the opening paragraphs of "Great Expectations" ang "Jane Eyre". The author of "Great Expectations" is Charles Dickens (1812-70). Dickens was a middle class man who was well known and wealthy. He had his own magazine, called "All the year round", in which he published "Great Expectations" over a period of 59 weeks; one chapter a week was published his magazine. He wrote it in 1860 and it was published between December 1860 and August 1861. "Jane Eyre" was published in 1847 and written by Charlotte Bronte but under the name of Currer Bell because it was hard for a women in the Victorian times to publish a book. She was born in Yorkshire but lived a short life of only 39 years (1816-55). It was not just her in her family that dies at a young age, she had two sisters who did not make it to adulthood. She also had a brother and two surviving sisters. Her father was a Vicar. She was not the only literate person in the family; her sisters also had books published. "Great Expectations" starts off with Pip all alone in a deserted graveyard looking at his immediate relatives gravestones. Then a man threatens him "...I'll cut your throat!" The man is an escaped prisoner and instructs Pip to help him by getting his brother-in-laws tools to get his shackles off. Pip agrees to help him so that the prisoner does not kill him. He says if Pip tells anyone that he has seen the man he is going to be killed by a "young man" Jane is an orphan living with the Reed family. She is being bullied by John Reed, and is scared of him. Mrs Reed ignores the bullying even though it happens in front of her ... ...n-laws tools to help the prisoner and how will Pip cope with the pressure of keeping a big secret. I think the cliff hanger in "Jane Eyre" is more sucessful because in "Great Expectations" we can almost guess what is going to happen next, we can predict that Pip is going to help the prisoner and the prisoner has made up the young man to scare Pip so he helps him. In "Jane Eyre" it is more of a cliff hanger because more questions have to be answered later on in the book. We need to know; what the red room is; how long will Jane be in there for; and is the bullying from John Reed going to get worse. I think that "Great Expectations" is more sucessful because it has more of an effective plot which would make us want to read on. I do not feel that "Jane Eyre" has a strong enough plot to keep the readers attenion and it would not make us want to read on.