English Language Learners Essay -- Education, ESL

Presently there is a rising number of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering into classrooms all over the country. According to the three research studies that I utilized, there are several varied assessment approaches for teaching ELLs in reading (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). English Language Learners (ELLs) consistently struggle with some aspects of reading because, they lack background knowledge in terms of the generalized text selections, which they are often given (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). The data across all three journal documents agrees that there is an achievement gap where ELLs are consistently performing at lower levels than their native-born English-speaking peers (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). Researchers seem to vary on how to instruct, and assess st udents who are ELLs. One element that all of the authors concentrated on was seeking out the best practice(s) for using assessments to create effective instruction for ELLS (Davis-Lenksi, Ehlers-Zavla, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, (2006), Dreher, & Letcher-Gray (2009) and Ebe 2010). There are 4.5 million ELLS currently enrolled in the public school systems in the United States, and the numbers are continuously rising due to the more than 1 million people who immigrant here each year (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006). Many teachers find themselves in unknown territory when it comes to instructing and assessing ELLs (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006). The passing of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) furth... ...lready stated, and all of them also have different assessment approaches included in their articles too. After reading all of the information I must say I think that all of the assessments, and the strategies and tools associated with the articles, are all borne out of research-based instructional, and assessment methods and therefore; they are all relevant to working with ELLs per literacy (Davis-Lenski, Ehlers-Zavala, Daniel, & Sun-Irminger, 2006; Dreher, & Letcher-Gray, 2009; Ebe, 2010). I don’t think any one of the assessments profiled in the three articles I researched, is anything better than the other. However I also think that although all of the techniques discussed are good solid research-based assessment tools; one still has to understand that they will require applications which are well structured, and the most appropriate for that specific student.

Aquinas Epistemology and God Essay

Introduction:The scientific developments of the renaissance were powerful and they stimulate new ways of thought that one can be tempted to disregard any role medieval thinking plays in the general development of both renaissance and post renaissance philosophy up till today. It would be a mistake to take it that Descartes, Locke achieved a total radical break from the past and inaugurated a completely new philosophical era. One cannot understand scholars like Descartes or Locke without having some real knowledge of medieval thinking. Thus, in this essay, I wish to show that Aquinas, a thinker of the middle ages, thought on knowledge is of permanent value and that it deserves respect and due consideration for today’s discourse of philosophy. Aquinas Theory on Knowledge: His philosophy is based on the premise that knowledge and being are correlates. â€Å"In so far a thing is, it is knowable and in this resides its ontological truth. † Thus, the Thomistic theory of knowledge is a realist theory. It plays an integral part in his metaphysics and philosophy of being. Aquinas is not interested in the problem of objective as we have it in modern thinking and today rather, he is much more interested in how we acquire our knowledge and put them to use. Simply put, he investigates the process of knowledge. He identified three levels of acquiring knowledge namely: sense-experience, imaginations or ideations and intellection. Aquinas thus made an important contribution to epistemology, recognising the central part played by sense perception in human cognition. It is through the senses that we first become acquainted with existent, material things. Sense experience is contact with material things through the senses which supplies materials for the formation of ideas in imagination upon which understanding climbs to contemplate. It is thus a misconception to suppose that the fundamental role of sense perception was a discovery of the classical British empiricist. It is a synthesis of Aquinas’ Aristotelian view of knowledge. As a matter of fact, Aquinas laid more stress on sense perception as the first and unique source of knowledge than the British empiricist because he identified sense perception as the initial source of knowledge than reflection and introspection. â€Å"For a man perceives that he has a soul, and lives and exists by the fact that he perceives by the senses†. This source of knowledge for Aquinas is responsible for his five ways that he uses to prove God’s existence from the material world. He did not accept Anselm’s ontological proof because, he argues that self evident truths, such as God’s existence in which its attributes belong necessarily to the subject , may not be fruits of experience but experience makes man to be conscious of them. That is another reason where he differs from radical British empiricist. He argues based on his arguments for God that â€Å"in as far as God is manifested in and through the beings of the sensible world, as the necessary source,†¦ the embodied human intellect is capable of proceeding beyond sense to know the source of a non-dependent, non-conditioned absolute being called God. † He sees the intellect as capable of penetrating through the unanalysed superficiality of sensation. Agreeing with Aristotle, he admits that knowledge is obtained through two stages of operation, sensitive and intellective, which are intimately related to one another. The intellect does attain ideas from the material that is presented to it by the senses to extend beyond the world of the senses. The two cognitive faculties, the sense and intellect, are naturally capable of acquiring knowledge proper to them. Thus, for Aquinas, it is man’s initiative to know through his makeup although such make up is sustained by God. This sustenance by God makes him to make the proper distinction between faith and reason as sources of knowledge. Truths of faith are revealed truth such as trinity and truths of the scripture. But truths of reason must be perceived and abstracted upon. St. Thomas insistently repeats â€Å"reason gathers truth on the ground of intrinsic evidence, while faith accepts truths based on the authority of the word of God. Therefore, there are two types of wisdom namely philosophical –highest activity of man’s intellect and theological- super science or revealed truth. This distinction is essential to today’s view or tension between science and religion. According to Paul Tillich, â€Å"neither scientific nor historical truth can affirm or negate the truth of faith. The truth of faith can not negate nor affirm scientific or historical truth too†. This is because, their objects are different. Truths of faith are revealed and not available to the senses while that of science is purely experiential based. Thus, they do not contradict each other. Nonetheless, both faith and reason can assist each other. According to Aquinas, faith can act as organ which helps reason to reach its final direction, the supreme truth which is God, â€Å"because God is in the highest degree of immateriality, he occupies the highest place in knowledge†. This led him to explain the value of knowledge and its truth, which is the ultimate goal of the intellect in perceiving and abstracting ideas. He noted that the intellect through a vigilant control of the senses can guarantee the formation of the sense representations. The intellect acquires truth when it gives value to the representations and ideas it forms in phantasm. â€Å"For Aquinas all the data of sense knowledge and all intelligible things are essentially true. † Truth consists in the equality of the intellect with its object, and such concordance is always found, both in sensitive cognition and in the idea. Error may exist in the judgment, since it can happen that a predicate may be attributed to a subject to which it does not really belong. Besides the faculty of judgment, Aquinas also admits the faculty of discursive reasoning, which consists in the derivation of the knowledge of particulars from the universal. Deductive, syllogistic demonstration must be carried out according to the logical relationships which exist between two judgments. In this process consists the science which the human intellect can construct by itself, without recourse either to innate ideas or to any particular illumination. This error free judgment for Aquinas, is proper to the being which is the supreme fundamental and greatest perfection permeating all things and giving them consistency and reality. Thus, each thing exists in its participation in Being. The true representation is received when the intellect gathers the Being of beings. Meanwhile, some truth can be received although not perfect, when the data is abstracted by the intellect. The dilemma of knowledge search today is explained by Thomistic epistemology recourse to revealed truth. Thomas claimed that human reason is naturally led to knowledge – from sense experience through phantasm to intellection- to knowing truth and know all truths, whether it is the material world, spiritual world, speculative, practical, political, moral or educational truth etc. But it meets with difficulties which include passions, sentiments, complexity of objects etc. This obstacle is more serious in terms of religious or moral truths because of their abstract nature. Nonetheless, reason has the ability to reach higher grounds to know God – the supreme truth- his attributes, existence but these obstacles are removed by God’s assistance or intervention to furnish human reason with a clearer manifestation of his being. The ultimate threshold of knowledge alone can give light to the mind to reach him. Thus, he introduces faith in his epistemology though at the end. The ordinary organ of knowledge is reason enabled through immediate evidence of experience but faith comes in when there are obstacles to assist reason to reach quickly as possible its final threshold, supreme truth. â€Å"Faith will tell us Christ is present when our human senses fail†. Conclusion: The limitation Aquinas placed on reason due to obstacles in which it needs to be helped by God makes the whole idea of his epistemology a movement to faith. It seems to many that Aquinas argues to God and not for truth in its own sake. Hegel for instance argues that he treated philosophy according to the categories of theology. Bertrand Russell. A Thomism which limits itself to the consideration of material substance as the start of all knowledge proves itself inadequate in age where everything seems beyond our sensual grasp. Again, Thomism didn’t relinquish heritage of truth for the sake of new sides but a one way drive of reason Nonetheless, Aquinas’ epistemology is vital for us because it has consequences for philosophy generally especially in relation to theology. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Aquinas copplestton [ 4 ]. Aquinas copleston [ 6 ]. Age of belif p 150 [ 7 ]. Baptissta mondin p. 306 [ 8 ]. Yeager Hudson p. 12 [ 9 ]. P. 73 yeager hudson [ 11 ]. Benediction hymn composed by Aquinas for the feast of corpus Christi {cf. [ 12 ]. Marin j. walsh.

Give Examples of social injustice

We see the social injustice against women in the novel Parvana and Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. In the novel Parvana we were shown social injustice where eleven year old girl Parvana had to masquerade as a boy to gain access to the outside world. For much of the story her father is imprisoned leaving only her mother, older sister and two very young siblings. Most of the country is ruled by the Taliban and Taliban laws require women to cover themselves & ban girls from attending school or going out unescorted. She has rarely been outside but Parvana's disguise provides her a measure of freedom and the means to support her family. I believe that humans, female or male have desire to learn but discover that the laws are so socially restricting for females that they must resort to disguise and further risks. This is injustice not only to females but humankind. I think since the â€Å"Taliban† were corrupted in their beliefs they carried these laws on women. As there were misbelieves at higher level, people under them followed the road of injustice for e. g. some soldiers raped women who didn't cover themselves including their face. This also shows why parents in third world countries desire to have a male child because the boys provide more freedom and measures to families. Another example of social injustice against women is shown in the Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. Mukhtar Mai was gang raped for an offence supposedly committed by her twelve years old brother Shakur. Mukhtar and her family are from the low Gujar caste and are expected to be subservient to the Mastoi. Therefore men of dominant caste Mastoi had the decision making power and resolved that to appease the honour of their caste; she must be raped in revenge for what they claimed was the rape of one of their women by Shakur. This shows that today there are societies that are based on the unfair system of caste and the justice is given on the decision made by the people of dominant caste. This also proves that the castes that are dominant have the right to speak and to even make wrong decision over the people of low caste. In reality it was a made up attempt to hide the fact that it was her brother who had been raped by men from the Mastoi caste. I think the guilt felt by the Mastoi for raping the boy lead them to exert their caste power on the weak caste and thought she is uneducated and poor, hence she will not able to take an action against them. Furthermore I believe they were over confident and they supposed if Mukhtar was raped she will also commit suicide as this is the custom. Often women were blamed even when they were the victims of rape but her sense of outrage and injustice made her refuse to commit suicide. I believe her story is not a victim's story; it's the tale of a survivor, and a fighter. I believe that the injustice she felt inside is a universal feeling of injustice, humans from all levels of civilization have natural sense of common morals and so she knew this is not right in any country or culture. I believe that in most of the third world countries often women are prohibited to do the same things as men since men are dominant. I think social awakening has to be brought up by the educated people themselves. The politicians should spend time to educate people. It is not civilized to ostricise a rape victim. I believe that on going efforts in social education would reduce the crimes committed against women in the third world countries.

The Contribution in the Field of Psychology

1-All about the contribution in the field of psychology with psychologist Sigmund Freud: As Sigmund Freud was Austrian neurologist and he was the famous founder for psychology field and that the reason, he known as Psychoanalysis and while the years of psychology he was a dominating school of concept and still quietly strong. His age was around 73-year-old and his birth date was May 6, 1856 and he died in September 23, 1939. Freud's show with a group of therapeutic skills work on talk therapy and its useful for scheme for example dream clarification, free relationship and transference. The work of Sigmund Freud on psychology, as exoteric culture also used his ideas and there were topics for epitome, Freudian slips, denial and completion of unconscious wish, moreover the attitude is also used in language which used in daily routine. The great impression and famous psychologist of the twenty century, Sigmund Freud was on number three and he was popularly known as founder of psychanalysis, there was the study and theory of psychosexual development and the Id, superego ego, Free relationship and Dream clarification. Contribution in the field of psychology: There is no inquiry that Sigmund Freud had a plentiful effect on the psychology field, paying little heed to the impression of his chance. Through his work and hypothesis, he mentioned that every single change and sickness is not based on psychology. Such as, he establishes the social qualifications which effect on science and conduct. Sigmund Freud's training and compositions added to our understanding of identity, medical psychology, human improvement, and uncommon psychology. He was the beginner of psychology school in Austria. As There were many psychologists impressed by Sigmund and his daughter. In 1896, Sigmund Freud was the one of person who used the condition of psychoanalysis. By that time his theory was showed up. The theory of normal and abnormal didn't make by Sigmund Freud but he was the one of person who made them popular. Freud won this with the help of his theory of mental reality: id, personality, and superego. 2-I admire him and selection of him for my presentation-There are number of reasons to choose that person and admire as his popularity for psychology was the famous mandate thinker and psychologist of the twenty century and he got third position in this field. Sigmund Freud displayed the theory of personally improvement, and that controversial image structured by struggle with three fundamental ways of human brain: id, ego and superego. That is the reason, I feel that, these three formed develops as kids improving their personality, as victorious raising to adept of child and every form is important for it, moreover the timing and timetable in every develops is very necessary for kids to victoriously arrive rising adulthood. Also, with the help of his theory and work that clarify, there is no connection between mental issues with psychological reasons and individuals can get recognize personality by him or herself. 3- The psychologist Sigmund Freud and his work based on this course: In this course, we have covered Sigmund Freud adding the normal and personality. He emphasized that significant of the abnormal mind and a major expectation of Freud theory is that the unconscious brain handles the behavior to biggest degree than people are not believing. The convert unconscious mind into conscious is aim of psychanalysis: Sigmund Freud believe that there are different three levels to consciousness for epitome: precocious, conscious and unconscious.Conscious- In present time, which we are doing with active mind that called conscious and its impressed our personalities and behaviors. The ideas, feelings and memories for that we are aware (Hubbard 2018).Preconscious- Nowadays we are not aware for sudden situations or problems, but there is good thing we are able to be a conscious and get awareness to handle these problems, also for all us feelings and memories as well ideas, we cannot think consciously but still we can convert into conscious awareness (Hubbard, 2018).Unconscious- Nowadays, what activities we are doing without awareness that called unconscious and still we can influence our feelings, memories and thoughts. Our all unpleasant memories even aim and wishes that are not included in consciousness (Hubbard 2018).According to F reud' theory and his three fundamentals which reflect our mind-id, superego and ego: –Id- when we want something like I want chocolate ice-cream and cake same time (Id).Superego- when my mind saying I do not have money for both things(superego).Ego-when ego decided that once I can have one thing another one I will buy another day. (Ego).4- Sigmund Freud and his work related to your everyday life; Examples 1st -As according to Freud' theory of personality, behavior and development same as my ECE field I must get information about all these things as well I can understand about child's need and interest with that I can plan activities for them also children can improve their confidence level. 2nd -As we have different levels of mind for examples, when I am conscious for my exam I read and learn properly because my mind is aware but if I am unconscious that time I cannot ready anything for exam and same time I am thinking about other situations, however if I am preconscious , that time I can convert my mind into conscious and can work on my exact task. 3rd- According to Freud' three fundaments id, superego and ego with this I can judge about my situation, like I want to eat pizza(id) but same time I have to buy a book for study(superego) at time my ego make me understand I do not have enough money so first I have to buy book and next time I can eat pizza(ego), its very useful for me. ReferencesBiography.com. (2017/2014, December/April 4/2). Sigmund Freud Biography. Retrieved from The Biography.com website: https://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400Phillips, A. (2014). Becoming Freud: the making of a psychoanalyst. Retrieved from https://senecacollege-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01SENC_ALMA5148410560003226;context=L;vid=01SEHubbard, K. (2018). Psychoanalytic Approach [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from My. Seneca.

Conflict Escalation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conflict Escalation - Essay Example 152). Escalation may take place for other raison d'tres too. In accordance with the "conflict spiral model" (Rubin et al, 1994) escalation takes place when all sides reply to the other's endeavors. A conflict initiated with an easygoing approach by one party, pursued by equivalent plans by the other party. These plans sequentially create increasingly more violent plans by the prior party, which then stir up an equivalent reaction by the adversary. A number of studies corroborate that people respond obnoxious behavior in public communications (Burgoon, Le Poire, and Rosenshal, 1995) and get trapped in "joint controversial interactions" in discussions (Brett, Shapiro, and Lytle, 1998). When fights escalate, other people are vulnerable to be concerned. Organizations start to makepressure and inflict insensitive negative sanctions. Fighting may establish, or if violent behavior has already cropped up it may turn out to be harsher and/or prevalent as several opponents implicated in the conflict raises, with lots of people vigorously employ in conflict (Kriesberg, 1998, pg. 152). 'Escalation Conflict' can be considered as a realism of organization and organizational behavior (OB). Nearly every one will comprehend what is generally meant by "organizational conflict" and be familiar with its continuation and results. We can perceive conflict as an organizational behavior projected to impede the success of someone else's personal or organizational objectives. Conflict is anchored in the inappropriateness of aims and stems from differing organizational behaviors. In this paper, we shall discuss them briefly, and discuss how 'escalation of conflict' will be observed at the individuals' behavior, group dynamics or organizational processes and organizational structural levels. Individuals' Behavior There are countless researches that people usually are liable to assess behaviors, involvements, and results in provisos approving to the self (Dreu, Carsten et al. 1995). Conflict is menacing and brings about nervousness to an individual experiencing the conflicted behavior, whether it comes by a person or persons or is heading for other individuals working in an organization. People have distinct or opposite reflective processes and attitudes. They have dissimilar likes and dislikes, different viewpoints and dissimilar spiritual values. Individuals have dissimilar thoughts about the correct and incorrect way to execute things or about correct and incorrect as a general rule. All of these combined facets of the individual behavior can result in conflict when groups or a group of individuals worked together (Dreu, Carsten et al. 1995). Group Dynamics Central adjustments or changes that groups of individuals experience during escalation take account of not only the socio-psychological adjustments, but also alterations at the grouping or combined level. Dynamics at individualistic level are time and again emphasized by combined conversation and are likely to become group rules. Combined objectives of beating the opponent expand, in addition to enhanced group interrelatedness (Rubin et al. pg. 90). Once individuals comprehend that others share their visions and pay attention to new judgment supportive of them, their personal insights are legalized and resistant. Group debate can thus bring about individual associate to turn out to be more severe in their aggressive behaviours. Many rational

All Shooting Is For Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

All Shooting Is For Editing - Essay Example Editing is important to ensure the footage has been used to the level best, there is proper pictorial continuity and the goal of the film has been met. In regard to editorial judgment, it â€Å"is exercised before shooting by means of advance planning† (2006, p. 53). For editing to be done properly and thoroughly, a complete footage is crucial. The main goal of editing is to remove unwanted footages, selecting the best footage, creating a systematic flow, adding effects, graphics and music, and giving the film particular angles. Although the process of filmmaking can be regarded as a traditional one since it began decades ago, editing implements digital technology today. The editing process is classified into three stages, that is, the selection of takes and their lengths, the arrangement and timing of shots, scenes, and sequences. Editing begins immediately after the film has been shot. Occasionally, the actors are given a chance to view their early scenes. The directors ofte n prevent showing actors the edited scenes for fear that it will affect their performance. The first editing is called rough cut and can take approximately three months to finish. The sound designers and music composers make the final stage of editing. When the editing is said to be complete, it means that the directors and producers have approved the final version of the video. In the past, editors worked with negatives called work prints. These were plain films, scenes, and transitions. Once an editor got satisfied with the final film.

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Memo - Essay Example This will determine and provide them of an informed decision regarding the Bartkowicz case. The federal government through the comprehensive Drug Abuse and Prevention and Control Act of 1970 banned the import, cultivation and distribution of illicit drugs and placed marijuana together with heroine in schedule I as non acceptable for medical use but potential for abuse according to the federal bureau of justice statistics(1992). On the other hand, the state of Colorado through an amendment in November 2000 passed a legislation that legalized medical use of marijuana in treating cancer, HIV/AIDS, severe nausea and other diseases though with restrictions (Department of public health and environment, 2010). This piece of legislation contravenes the federal law which does not acknowledge marijuana as useful medication. In Colorado, patients and caregivers enroll in state medical marijuana registry and are issued with registry identification card by the state health agency in order to be allowed to use marijuana. But they can possess no more than two ounces of usable form marijuana and not more than six marijuana plants per patient. Bartkowicz had 12 patients’ certificates and cultivated more than 200 plants which clearly mean a violation of the state law as well as federal law prohibiting possession of more than 100 plants. Besides, the patient certificates are confidential and are kept by the state health agency. Furthermore, the article quotes him as having bragged about his profits and ability to operate a grow house without detection. Thus, he was not cultivating marijuana for medical purposes but sells it for a profit. Clearly contravening the law through drug trafficking. Operating within 1000 ft of a school or playground is also among the provisions punishable by federal law. Concurrently, the Colorado law prohibits use of marijuana in a place open to general